Grasshopper Warbler, Sedge Warbler, Whitethroat and Willow Warbler, all of which featured prominently during Colin McShane's visit in May; and Flycatchers (Spotted in Spring and Autumn, Pied all in Autumn). Among the Pied Flycatchers was one with a Danish ring, but details of the date and exact place of ringing have not been received yet. Other controls and recoveries for the year are listed below. They include a Meadow Pipit moving to Portugal in Autumn, a fast-moving Willow Warbler from Ireland and a Lundy-bred Kittiwake which has emigrated to France. RECOVERIES AND CONTROLS, 1982 EF98114 Kittiwake. Ringed as pullus on Lundy 7.7.73 . Observed breeding at Goulien, Finistere, France 17.4.82. Sexed as female on behaviour. Reared two young. (350km; bearing 125 degrees) 8008302 Meadow Pipit. Ringed as full grown on Lundy 21.9.82. Found near 8ucelas, Estremadura, Portugal31.10.82 (1408km; 194 degrees) 584792 Willow Warbler. Ringed as first year bird at Out Head, St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland 21.7.81 . Controlled on Lundy 5.5.82. (589km ; 192 degrees) OA7409 Willow Warbler. Ringed as first year bird at Fornaght Bog, Dunrnore East, Waterford, Eire 3. 9.82. Controlled on Lundy 11.9.82. (194km ; 125 degrees) THE VEGETATION OF LUNDY ISLAND TRUDY A. WAIT* and K. J. KIRBYt *Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Oxford, Agricultural Science Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OXI3PF. t Nature Conservancy Council, P. 0 . Box 6, God win House, George Street, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire PE18 6BU. INTRODUCTION Lundy has received much attention from botanists who have examined the distribution of specifi c plants e.g. the "Lundy Cabbage" (Rhyncosinapis wrightii) and Rhododendron ponticum (Marren, 1971 and 1972) ; the vegetation of particular areas, e.g. Pondsbury (George and Stone, 1979) or differences between the coasts (Gabbutt, 1952). Some effects of the larger animals on the flora have also been described (Gillham, 1955). Vascular plant records for Lundy have been summarised by Westcott (1969) and a map showing the distribution of eight broad vegetation types has been produced by C. G. Taylor (Dunn and Bristow, 1971). This paper describes a recent survey which complements past work by sampling the vegetation systematically over the whole island. The results are analysed to reveal ecological groupings of species. Lundy was probably once covered with some form of low scrub woodland, such as in parts of the western Scottish islands. There is evidence for the presence of pre-historic man on the island (Gardner, 1956). These early settlers cleared the scrub, as on the mainland of Devon and Cornwall , leading to the development of heather moorland (Hubbard, 1970). In 1752 the island was "overgrown with ferns and heath which made it impossible to go to the extreme [north] of the island" , but by 1787 " many deer and goats were seen browsing at the northern end" (Loyd, 1925). The vegetation at the north end was destroyed by fire once in each of the last two centuries and most recently, in 1934 (Langham and Langham, 1970; Gillham , 1955). Parts of the island have been cultivated in the past, particularly at the south end around the settlement. During the Second World War about 200 ha , out of the total 445 ha, grew potatoes and oats (Rendall, 1979). Most of this land has since reverted to grassfand. Sheep, ponies and cattle are kept on the island ; there are also rabbits, goats and Sika deer. Grazing pressure is, therefore, high. 14 The soil of the west coast and of the northern part of the east coast is raw humus, pH 4.5, whereas that of the plateau is mainly a humose ranker, pH 6.0 (Dawes, 1979). The west coast is subject to salt spray to a much greater degree than the sheltered east side (Gabbutt, 1952). Much of the east coast, towards the southern end of the island, is covered by rhododendron thickets and in some of the gullies there are a few trees and shrubs (Hubbard, 1970; Dawkins, 1974). The following divisions of the island can be recognised: (a) North-south divisions, delineated by the cross walls- North End, Middle Park, Pondsbury, South End. (b) East-west divisions, separating out the exposed western coast (and including the north and south coasts), the plateau and the sheltered east side of the island. These are shown in Fig. 1. North End consists of heather moorland on shallow peat; Middle Park and South End are both predominantly grassland; Pondsbury has a large pond surrounded by poorly-drained peat with heath and bog species. The east side of the island has extensive stands of Pteridium aquilinum while the west is notable for its areas of tussocky Armeria-Holcus communities. METHODS Sample points were marked in a grid on a 1:13000map. Points were200m apart in the east-west direction and 500m apart in the north-south direction (Fig. 1). Minor adjustments were made to increase the number of sample points where the exact position would otherwise have been just over the sea. A total of forty-seven points were marked. The survey was carried out in September 1981. In the field the approximate position of each point was located by map and compass. The final position was fixed by walking forward twenty paces and putting the plot where the final foot fell. At each point a one metre-square quadrat was set out. All vascular plants within the plot were recorded and their abundance estimated using the Domin scale. Vegetation height, slope and aspect were noted. A small hole was dug to examine the top 150mm of soil. Bnef notes were made on the management of the plot and of the surrounding area- in particular the intensity of grazing and by what type of animal. The vascular plant records were subjected to Principal Components Analysis of species, leaving out those species that were both recorded once only and were also rare in the plot (scored as 2 or 1). Distribution maps were produced for the individual species and for groups of species. Nomenclature follows Clapham, Tutin and Warburg (1962). RESULTS Forty-five plots were recorded; two plots on the east coast could not be used because of the dense rhododendron cover. Species recorded Sixty-seven species were recorded from a vascular plant flora of about 400 for the island. Holcus lanatus was the most abundant species recorded, being present in more than 75% of the plots (Table 1) and both Agrostis spp. and Festuca rubra occurred in more than 50% of the samples. It was thought that most of the Agrostis was A. stolonifera but many samples were heavily grazed and identification to species level was difficult. Calluna vulgaris, Pteridium aquilinum, Potentilla erecta, Anthoxanthum odoratum and Galium saxatile occurred in a third to a half of the samples. These results reflect the predominance of acid grassland and heath communities over much of the island. Twenty-six species were recorded from only one or two samples. These included several species which elsewhere in the country have some affinity with woodlands­ e.g. Rubus fruticosus, Dryopteris aemula, Glechoma hederacea, Silene dioica and Endymion non-scriptus. There were also others which are common in neutral grassland, e.g. Plantago lanceolata, Bel/is perennis, Lolium perenne, Cynosurus cristatus, Taraxacum officinale and Dactylis glomerata. 15 Figure I. Position of quadrats. Area not sampled (Rhododendron) South End 16 Figure 2. Height of vegetation (cm). 17 Figure 3. The five main groups of species and five outlying species revealed by Principal Components Analysis. 6 t \ Calluna vulgaris Festuca rubra (0-8, 14. 9) (-9.6,10.1 ) 9 4 5 2 Holcus lanatus ----. ( 11 ·3, 1·3 ) 6 -4 -3 SECOND AXIS 4 (21 .7, -0-8) B -2 -3 Agrostis spp. 7 ,; ( -15-8, -5-5) -4 THIRD AXIS 18 Between one and fourteen species were recorded per quadrat; the most species­ rich plots being close-grazed turf and some of the wetter areas. The most species­ poor plots were in areas of Calluna vulgaris on thin peat. Pteridium aquilinum- , dominated areas were not particularly species-poor although in September the competition from P. aquilinum might be expected to be much greater than that of the more open, lower growing Calluna vulgaris. Amongst the Calluna areas were large patches of bare rock, the result of the fire in 1934 destroying the peat (Gillham, 1955). Elsewhere most plots showed almost complete vegetation cover. Vegetation height and grazing pressure A zone of P. aquilinum dominance in the east was picked out by vegetation heights of lOOcm or more (Fig. 2), although amongst the P. aquilinum there were patches of grass that were heavily grazed to a short turf by rabbits. Calluna-heath and boggy areas tended to have vegetation about 10-20cm high as did the areas of tussocky Armeria-Holcus on the west coast. Most of the plateau grassland was grazed to a height of 2-8cm, but with the occasional taller clump of less palatable species such as ]uncus or P. aquilinum. In the south of the island there were some fields , with stock-proof walls, that were shut up for hay early in the year, but none of the main cross-walls appeared to be completely stock-proof. These walls did, however, form some barrier to the free movement of animals. During the period of the survey the Soay sheep were mostly among the heather at the North End; Welsh mountain sheep were <he main grazers in Middle Park, with cattle and ponies becoming more common towards the southern end of the island. Rabbits were seen in all sections. Deer and goats were not seen , but are believed to be mainly in the north and east of the island.