Memo To: Rachel Morgan Job No: 1003297.6000 From: Justine Quinn Date: 24 March 2020 cc: Nick Carter, Gary Bramley Subject: Drury East Plan Changes - Ecology Response This memo has been prepared to address selected ecological responses as required by the Request for Further Information (RFI) from Auckland Council for Drury East Plan Change requests by Fulton Hogan, Oyster Capital and Kiwi Property. It has been prepared by three ecologists, being Gary Bramley (for Fulton Hogan), Justine Quinn (for Kiwi Property) and Nick Carter (for Oyster Capital) and summarises the results of an ecology workshop, literature review and collaborative drafting of this response. This memo should be read in conjunction with the stormwater memo and only applies to those specific matters outlined below. 1 Erosion and sedimentation effects The following response has been prepared in relation to RFI E10 (Kiwi), E11 + E12 (Fulton Hogan), E10 + E11 (Oyster) which collectively request that more information is provided to assess the effects of sediment and erosion on the life supporting capacity of the marine significant ecological area. Existing environment – plan change area The collective area that the three plan changes apply to (the plan change area) is currently in predominantly agricultural and horticultural land use, including cropping, dairy farming and grazing. Many of the streams within the plan change area are intermittently flowing headwater systems that have unrestricted stock access to enable grazing when the streams are dry in summer. The Hingaia Stream which flows along the western boundary of the wider plan change area is the largest stream affected by the plan change. Photograph 1.1 below provides a representative image of the smaller streams within the plan change area. Riparian vegetation is effectively absent over much of the plan change area and most of the stream length is unfenced. Stream banks and channels have been impacted by stock access, with slumping and bank instability prevalent throughout the plan change area. Auckland Council’s survey of streams in the Hingaia area1 revealed that bank stability was generally poor to fair. While erosion scars were typically less than 20%, erosion at inlet/outlets was often moderate or severe. Banks were identified as being highly erodible due to the general lack of vegetation and the soft erosive soils within the catchment. Sediment deposition was overserved to be ~17% on average across the entire Hingaia catchment, and notably, areas of active sediment deposition of >30% were linked to areas where stream banks of >20% erosion scarring was present. 1 Spyksma, A., Bennett, K., Kane-Sanderson, P., Lindgreen, M., Pertziger, F., Allen, J., Gasson, S and Canal, L. (2018) Hingaia Stream Catchment Watercourse Assessment Report. 4Sight Consulting and Urban Solutions for Auckland Council. Auckland Council [technical report, TR20xx/xxx] Auckland Council also surveyed streams within the Slippery Creek area2, however most of the stream length present within the plan change area was not mapped. Therefore, we rely on the observations made during field assessments and reported in Freshwater Solutions (2019) where intermittent watercourses were found to be unfenced with severely damaged streambanks and channels. The section of the Waihoihoi Stream flowing adjacent to the plan change area was fenced but lined with low stature weed species and occasional mature trees so the streambanks were susceptible to streambank undercutting, slumping (i.e., due to poor root stability) and sedimentation (Photograph 1.2). Photograph 1.1: Evidence of unrestricted stock access, lack of riparian margins, upper bank instability. Photograph 1.2: Lack of riparian margins and bank instability along Waihoihoi Stream. 2 Ingley, R., Rieger, A., Magee, J., Reeves, E., Macintosh, K., Lowe, M., Young, D. (2016) Watercourse Assessment Report: Slippery Creek Catchment. Morphum Environmental for Auckland Council. Auckland Council [technical report, TR20xx/xxx] Existing environment – marine receiving environment The marine receiving environment is the Drury Creek and wider Pahurehure Inlet. The immediate marine environment is recognised as a Significant Ecological Area (SEA), which includes SEA-M1_29a, SEA-M2_29b and SEA-M2_29w1-2, shown on Figure 1.1. Immediately adjacent to State Highway One, the intertidal area is classified as an ‘SEA-M1’ indicating that its physical form, scale or inherent values are considered to be the most vulnerable to any adverse effects of inappropriate subdivision, use and development. The AUP OP identifies that within these upper tidal reaches of Drury Creek there are a variety of marshes, grading from mangroves through to extensive areas of jointed rush-dominated saltmarsh, to freshwater vegetation in response to salinity changes. This same area is a migration pathway between the marine and freshwater environments for a number of native diadromous freshwater fish species. Beyond this, the wider intertidal area is classified as an ‘SEA-M2’ being an area of regional, national or international significance which does not warrant a SEA-M1 identification as they are generally more robust. This has similar ecological values, but also provides roost areas of importance to wading birds including pied stilt. Figure 1.1: Marine SEA in the Pahurehure Inlet and wider Drury Creek estuarine area Sediment in the marine environment NIWA were engaged by the Ministry for the Environment to develop and apply a new empirical model that estimates mean annual river suspended sediment load and sediment deposition in coastal hydrosystems3. The model includes suspended sediment load and inherently includes sediment supply from eroding streambanks as well as upstream hill-slope erosion processes. Shallow drowned valleys such as the Pahurehure Inlet have intermediate level deposition rates (median of 0.7 mm/year), where near-bed velocities are low, little resuspension by currents occurs, and a main channel morphology tends to be absent. The trapping efficiency of a shallow drowned valley is typically quite high, and the Pahurehure Inlet has a predicted trapping efficiency of 0.963. Trapping efficiency is the proportion of incoming sediment load that is retained and settles within the water body measured on a scale of 0 to 1, where 1 means that ‘all river-sourced sediment is 3 Hicks, M., Semadeni-Davies, A., Haddadchi, A., Shankar, U and Plew, D. (2019). Updated Sediment Load Estimator for New Zealand. Prepared by NIWA for the Ministry for the Environment. March 2019. NIWA client report 2018341CH. retained in the coastal hydrosystem’. What this tells us, is that the marine receiving environment is a natural deposition zone and sediment deposition is expected and required for the environment to continue to function. Zostera, the sea grass grows in soft-sediment environments and is present in the wider Pahurehure Inlet. One of the key functions of seagrass is to trap and stabilise bottom sediments, to protect against sediment erosion in the coastal environment4. Seagrasses also depend on sediments for nutrients and anchorage. Potential sedimentation effects of the plan change The plan change area is currently predominantly in rural land use which typically has a higher overall sediment load than urban land use5. The change in hydrological regime may result in streambank sediment entering the receiving environment at times (e.g. after heavy rain). This will be balanced in part by the effective removal of contributing sediment loads from agricultural land use and the future potential benefits associated with planting along the blue-green network throughout the plan change area (e.g., root establishment, increased streambank stability and filtering capacity). The Hingaia Stream, which is known to have erosion issues, is most affected by the flows entering the stream from the wider catchment, which is currently undergoing significant development, thus the impact of the proposal on Hingaia Stream needs to be considered in the wider context of the whole catchment. The plan change area comprises only a very small portion of the 37,637 ha5 Pahurehure Inlet catchment. Even at the more local scale of the upper Drury Creek, the plan change area comprises a small proportion of the overall contributing catchment. On that basis, any changes within the plan change area on sediment levels in Hingaia Stream would be very difficult to distinguish from changes elsewhere within the catchment. Auckland Council Stream Erosion Risk Tool As is explained in the stomwater memo (ref W-REF: P16-335), the Auckland Council Stream Erosion Risk Tool was investigated to provide further quantifiable information regarding the potential risks of erosion from within the plan change. Some issues with this tool were identified and next steps are proposed within the stormwater memo. The tool when working will quantify the change in exceedance of critical shear stress will only indicate a change in erosion potential i.e. how much the erosion risk changes. It will not quantify how much extra erosion will occur, nor the change in sediment load will be to the receiving environment, so it cannot be used to directly assess effects. The tool will identify areas with increased erosion risk and where extra mitigation measures should be applied. Until further assessment is undertaken, a robust ecological assessment of the potential effects of sedimentation in the marine SEA cannot be completed. Further assessment of the change in sediment contribution to the wider environment