Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Ethiopia’s 4th Country Report Institute of Biodiversity Conservation Addis Ababa, Ethiopia November 2009 Ethiopia’s 4th Country Report to the CBD ii Ethiopia’s 4th Country Report to the CBD Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..........................................................................................................1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................. 1 Biodiversity Status, Trends and Threats .................................................................................................. 1 Implementation of the National Biodervisty Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) .................................... 2 Biodiversity Integration and Mainstreaming........................................................................................... 3 Progress towards the 2010 Targets and Implementation of the Strategic Plan ..................................... 3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 5 1. BIODIVERSITY STATUS, TRENDS AND THREATS....................................................7 1.1. Introduction....................................................................................................................................7 1.2. Overview of Ethiopia's Biodiversity ................................................................................................7 1.3. Ecosystem Diversity...................................................................................................................... 10 1.3.1. Afroalpine and Subafroalpine Ecosystems .................................................................................. 11 1.3.2. Montane Grassland Ecosystems.................................................................................................. 11 1.3.3. Dry Evergreen Montane Forest and Evergreen Scrub Ecosystems ............................................. 12 1.3.4. Moist Montane Forest Ecosystems ............................................................................................. 13 1.3.5. Acacia-Commiphora Woodland Ecosystem................................................................................. 14 1.3.6. Combretum-Terminalia Woodland Ecosystem............................................................................ 14 1.3.7. Lowland Tropical Forest Ecosystem ............................................................................................ 15 1.3.8. Desert and Semi-desert Scrubland Ecosystems .......................................................................... 15 1.3.9. Wetland Ecosystems ................................................................................................................... 16 1.3.10. Aquatic Ecosystems................................................................................................................... 16 1.4. Components of Biodiversity.......................................................................................................... 17 1.4.1. Plant Diversity.............................................................................................................................. 17 1.4.1.1. Field crop diversity............................................................................................................... 17 1.4.1.2 Forest plant diversity ............................................................................................................ 26 1.4.1.3. Horticultural plant diversity ................................................................................................. 35 1.4.1.4. Medicinal plant diversity...................................................................................................... 35 1.4.1.5. Pasture and forage plant diversity ....................................................................................... 38 1.4.2. Animal Diversity........................................................................................................................... 39 1.4.2.1. Domestic animal diversity.................................................................................................... 39 1.4.2.2. Terrestrial wild animal diversity........................................................................................... 42 1.4.2.3. Aquatic wild animal diversity ............................................................................................... 49 1.4.3. Microbial Diversity....................................................................................................................... 51 1.5. Other Activities of IBC................................................................................................................... 52 1.6. Threats to Biodiversity.................................................................................................................. 54 1.6.1. Political Impediments.................................................................................................................. 54 1.6.2. Institutional Impediments ........................................................................................................... 55 1.6.3. Socio-economic and Cultural impediments................................................................................. 56 1.6.4. Policy and Law-related Impediments .......................................................................................... 58 iii Ethiopia’s 4th Country Report to the CBD 1.6.5. Natural Impediments................................................................................................................... 59 1.7. Implications of Changes in Biodiversity Status on Human Well-being .......................................... 60 2. REVIEW OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ETHIOPIA'S NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (NBSAP)........................................62 2.1. The NBSAP Preparation Process ................................................................................................... 62 2.2. Goal and Strategic Objectives of the NBSAP ................................................................................. 63 2.2.1. Goal.............................................................................................................................................. 63 2.2.2. Strategic Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 63 2.3. Progress towards the Implementation of the NBSAP ................................................................... 64 2.4. Highlights of Progress on Expansion of Protected Areas............................................................... 65 2.5. Some Areas of Consideration during Revising the NBSAP............................................................. 66 3. SECTORAL AND CROSS-SECTORAL INTEGRATION (MAINSTREAMING) OF BIODIVERSITY.......................................................................................................................96 3.1. Purpose ........................................................................................................................................ 96 3.2. Sectoral and Cross-sectoral Strategies, Programs and Related Conventions................................. 96 3.2.1. Sectors Related to Biodiversity Issues ......................................................................................... 96 3.2.2. Other Strategies and Programs Integrating Biodiversity............................................................. 98 3.2.3. Other Biodiversity Related Conventions...................................................................................... 98 3.2.4. Mainstreaming Processes, Mechanisms and Measures to Incorporate Biodiversity Issues ....... 99 3.2.4.1. Organizational and structural set up.................................................................................... 99 3.3. Participatory Biodiversity Management ..................................................................................... 100 3.4. Traditional Practices and Indigenous Knowledge ....................................................................... 103 3.5. Case Studies and Success Stories ................................................................................................ 104 3.6. Awareness Creation ................................................................................................................... 106 3.7. The Use of Incentives ................................................................................................................. 107 3.8. Ecosystem Services..................................................................................................................... 107 3.9. Biodiversity Inclusive Impact Assessment................................................................................... 108 3.10. Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 110 4. CONCLUSIONS: PROGRESS TOWARDS THE 2010 TARGETS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGIC PLAN........................................................ 111 4.1. Progress towards 2010 Targets................................................................................................... 111 4.2. Ethiopia’s Progress towards the Implementation of Goals and Objectives of the Strategic