C S A S S C C S Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Secrétariat canadien de consultation scientifique Research Document 2007/070 Document de recherche 2007/070 Not to be cited without Ne pas citer sans permission of the authors * autorisation des auteurs * Conservation Units for Pacific Unités de conservation du Salmon under the Wild Salmon saumon du Pacifique en vertu de Policy la Politique concernant le saumon sauvage L. Blair Holtby1 and Kristine A. Ciruna2 1Science Branch Fisheries and Oceans Canada Institute of Ocean Sciences P.O. Box 6000, 9860 W Saanich Road Sidney, BC V8L 4B2 2Acting Manager of Conservation Science and Planning Nature Conservancy of Canada 110 Eglinton Ave. West, Suite 400 Toronto, ON M4R 1A3 * This series documents the scientific basis for the * La présente série documente les bases evaluation of fisheries resources in Canada. As scientifiques des évaluations des ressources such, it addresses the issues of the day in the time halieutiques du Canada. Elle traite des frames required and the documents it contains are problèmes courants selon les échéanciers dictés. not intended as definitive statements on the Les documents qu’elle contient ne doivent pas subjects addressed but rather as progress reports être considérés comme des énoncés définitifs on ongoing investigations. sur les sujets traités, mais plutôt comme des rapports d’étape sur les études en cours. Research documents are produced in the official Les documents de recherche sont publiés dans language in which they are provided to the la langue officielle utilisée dans le manuscrit Secretariat. envoyé au Secrétariat. This document is available on the Internet at: Ce document est disponible sur l’Internet à: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/csas/ ISSN 1499-3848 (Printed / Imprimé) © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2008 © Sa Majesté la Reine du Chef du Canada, 2008 Table of Contents page 1. Context ............................................................................................................................ 1 2. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 3. Defining units for the conservation of biodiversity ........................................................ 3 4. Methodology ................................................................................................................... 7 4.1 Diagrammatic overview of the methodology ............................................................ 8 4.2 Adaptive Zones and Ecotypology ............................................................................ 10 4.2.1 Pacific Salmon Freshwater Adaptive Zones .................................................... 11 4.2.2 Ecological Drainage Units (EDUs) .................................................................. 12 4.2.3 Pacific Salmon Marine Adaptive Zones .......................................................... 14 4.2.4 Pacific Salmon Joint Adaptive Zones .............................................................. 15 4.3 Salmon populations ................................................................................................. 15 4.4 Crosswalking the ecotypic and genetic population classifications .......................... 17 4.5 Life-history and further ecological considerations .................................................. 19 4.5.1 Further ecological considerations .................................................................... 19 4.5.2 Life-histories .................................................................................................... 19 4.5.3 Spawn-timing ................................................................................................... 19 4.5.4 Potentially important diversity that was not considered .................................. 20 4.5.5 CU names ......................................................................................................... 21 5. Pink Salmon .................................................................................................................. 22 5.1 Distribution .............................................................................................................. 22 5.2 Life History .............................................................................................................. 22 5.3 Ecotypic CUs ........................................................................................................... 23 5.4 Genetic population structure .................................................................................... 23 5.5 Ecotypic X Genetic Classification ........................................................................... 25 5.5.1 Even-year pink ................................................................................................. 25 5.5.2 Odd-year pink .................................................................................................. 26 5.6 Spawning time ......................................................................................................... 26 5.6.1 Even-year pink ................................................................................................. 27 5.6.2 Odd-year pink .................................................................................................. 28 5.7 Habitat, Environment and Ecology ......................................................................... 29 5.7.1 Even-year pink ................................................................................................. 30 5.7.2 Odd-year pink .................................................................................................. 30 5.8 CU summary ............................................................................................................ 30 6. Chum salmon ................................................................................................................ 30 6.1 Distribution .............................................................................................................. 30 6.2 Life History .............................................................................................................. 31 6.3 Ecotypic CUs ........................................................................................................... 31 6.4 Lineage .................................................................................................................... 31 6.5 Ecotypic X Genetic Classifications ......................................................................... 33 6.6 Spawning time ......................................................................................................... 34 6.7 Habitat and ecological considerations ..................................................................... 37 6.8 Chum salmon summary ........................................................................................... 37 7. Coho salmon ................................................................................................................. 38 iii 7.1 Distribution .............................................................................................................. 38 7.2 Life History .............................................................................................................. 38 7.3 Lineage .................................................................................................................... 39 7.4 Life History Variants ............................................................................................... 40 7.5 Ecotypic X Genetic Classifications ......................................................................... 41 7.6 Spawning time ......................................................................................................... 43 7.7 Habitat and ecological considerations ..................................................................... 44 7.8 Summary .................................................................................................................. 44 8. Chinook salmon ............................................................................................................ 44 8.1 Distribution .............................................................................................................. 44 8.2 Life History .............................................................................................................. 45 8.3 Lineage .................................................................................................................... 45 8.4 Life History Variants ............................................................................................... 46 8.5 Ecotypic Conservation Units ................................................................................... 46 8.6 Ecotypic X Genetic Classifications ......................................................................... 47 8.7 Spawn timing ........................................................................................................... 50 8.8 Habitat and ecological considerations ..................................................................... 59 8.9 Summary .................................................................................................................. 60 9. Sockeye salmon ............................................................................................................ 60 9.1 Distribution .............................................................................................................