Wai 2200, #A214 Te Ātiawa/Ngāti Awa ki Kapiti: Twentieth Century Land and Local Issues Report Dr Barry Rigby and Kesaia Walker Commissioned by the Waitangi Tribunal for the Porirua ki Manawatū District Inquiry (Wai 2200) December 2018 1 Preface The authors Dr Barry Rigby I grew up in Central Otago before studying history at the University of Otago, the University of Hawai’i, and at Duke University in North Carolina. Following a decade of teaching history at colleges and universities in the United States, in 1989 I joined the research staff of the Waitangi Tribunal Unit where I am currently employed as a Senior Research Analyst. Since 1989 I have completed Tribunal-commissioned reports in the Muriwhenua, Kaipara, Tauranga Moana, Hauraki, Wairarapa ki Tararua, and Te Paparahi o Te Raki inquiries. Kesaia Walker I began working for the Waitangi Tribunal Unit in 2010 as a contractor and have been a permanent staff member since 2011. I have completed Tribunal-commissioned reports for the Rohe Pōtae, Porirua ki Manawatū and Military Veterans inquiries. I have a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Auckland and a Master of Arts from Victoria University of Wellington. At present, I work as a Principal Research Analyst in the Research Services Team. The authorship of this report On 2 February 2018, Dr Barry Rigby and Leanne Boulton were commissioned to prepare this report.1 Leanne Boulton searched sources and prepared a preliminary draft of her chapters up to the stage of external review. However, due to unforeseen circumstances, she was unable to complete her part and the commission was cancelled on 7 November 2018. On the same day, Dr Barry Rigby and Kesaia Walker were re-commissioned to complete the report.2 Accordingly, Kesaia Walker has completed chapter 1, which deals with Native Reserves, and chapters 2, 3 and 4, which deal with Parata Native Township. Kesaia Walker has checked the sources used for accuracy and has checked, revised and completed the final text taking account of external review comments. All interpretations and opinions concerning the evidence are hers. Kesaia Walker is also now responsible for concluding statements concerning the Native reserves and Parata Native Township in chapter 11 of this report. 1 Wai 2200, #2.3.27 2 Wai 2200, #2.3.36 & 2.3.37 2 Dr Barry Rigby has written chapters 5 to 10, which deal with the broad pattern of use and alienation of Te Ātiawa/Ngāti Awa ki Kapiti land throughout the twentieth century. Chapter 11, the final chapter, presents overall conclusions for which both authors are jointly responsible. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank several people for their assistance. Leanne Boulton for preparatory research and drafting of the reserves and Native township chapters. Rawhiti Higgott, for providing source material from his own research on Parata Native Township. Craig Innes, ResearchAnalyst, for tracing title information and freeholding of Parata Native Township, and assistance with mapping for the township tenure and for general alienation to assist Dr Rigby. Noel Harris, Mapping Officer, produced numerous maps included throughout the report, including the image on the title page. Tui MacDonald, Research Assistant, asssistd with information on Parata Native Township rents and costs. Prominent Waikanae local historian, Chris Maclean, assisted Dr Rigby with information for his aleination chapters. All errors, omissions and conclusions are the authors’ own. 3 Abbreviations AJHR Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives AJLC Appendices to the Journal of the Legislative Council ANZ Archives New Zealand, Wellington ATL Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington BPP British Parliamentary Papers CT Certificate of title DNZB Dictionary of New Zealand Biography EL Elder Letterbooks (Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington) FL W H Field Letterbooks (Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington) HCC Horowhenua County Council MB Minute Book MHR Member of the House of Representatives NLC Native Land Court No. Number NWA Ngarara West A NWC Ngarara West C NZG New Zealand Gazette NZJH New Zealand Journal of History NZLR New Zealand Law Report NZOYB New Zealand Official Year Books NZPD New Zealand Parliamentary Debates NZPR New Zealand Parliamentary Record Pers comm. Personal communication SNZ New Zealand Statutes vol. volume Wgt Wellington WN Wellington land district (for CTs and other land records) 4 Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 16 Background .......................................................................................................................... 16 The commission ................................................................................................................... 16 Claimant group..................................................................................................................... 17 Nomenclature ................................................................................................................... 17 Claim issues ..................................................................................................................... 17 Report structure and methodology ....................................................................................... 18 Scope and limitations ........................................................................................................... 20 Sources ................................................................................................................................. 21 Te Ātiawa/Ngāti Awa ki Kapiti land alienation in the twentieth century: an overview . 23 The Ngarara blocks .......................................................................................................... 24 Muaupoko block .............................................................................................................. 28 Kukutauaki block ............................................................................................................. 28 Kapiti Island ..................................................................................................................... 29 Te Ātiawa/Ngātiawa ki Kapiti land today ....................................................................... 30 Chapter 1: Te Ātiawa/Ngāti Awa ki Kapiti Native Reserves in the 20th Century ........... 32 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 33 Alienation of the Native reserves ..................................................................................... 35 1.2 Mataihuka Reserve (210 acres) ...................................................................................... 36 Sale of Mataihuka Reserve in 1866 ................................................................................. 37 Petitions to Parliament in the twentieth century regarding the sale of Mataihuka Reserve .......................................................................................................................................... 38 1.3 Tamati’s Reserve (50 acres) ........................................................................................... 39 Sale of Tamati’s Reserve in 1896 .................................................................................... 39 1.4 Paekakariki Reserve (approx. 130 acres) ....................................................................... 41 20th century alienation summary ...................................................................................... 42 5 1.5 Wainui Township Reserve (155 acres) .......................................................................... 43 Twentieth century alienation summary ............................................................................ 44 1.6 Te Puka Reserve (approx. 50 acres) .............................................................................. 45 Twentieth century alienation summary ............................................................................ 47 1.7 Ramaroa Reserve (Rongo o te Wera) (168 acres) ......................................................... 47 Sale in 1887...................................................................................................................... 47 1.8 Whareroa Reserve (261 acres) ....................................................................................... 47 Twentieth century alienation summary ............................................................................ 48 1.9 Whareroa Pa Reserve (20 acres) .................................................................................... 48 Twentieth century alienation summary ............................................................................ 49 1.10 Summary and conclusion ............................................................................................. 51 Chapter 2: The establishment of Parata Native Township, 1896-1899 ............................ 54 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 54 2.2 Native Townships: an overview ..................................................................................... 54 2.2.1 Wi Parata and Hemi Matenga and their land at Waikanae ..................................... 60 2.2.2 Wi Parata Te Kakakura’s vision for Waikanae ....................................................... 63 2.2.3 Waikanae