EFFECTS OF RATIONAL SELF ANALYSIS AND COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING COUNSELLING TECHNIQUES ON BULLYING BEHAVIOUR AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN LOKOJA, KOGI STATE, NIGERIA BY Abdul Ramat USMAN DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY AND COUNSELLING, FACULTY OF EDUCATION, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA MAY, 2019 EFFECTS OF RATIONAL SELF ANALYSIS AND COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING COUNSELLING TECHNIQUES ON BULLYING BEHAVIOUR AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN LOKOJA, KOGI STATE, NIGERIA BY Abdul Ramat USMAN B. A. ED. (B.U.K., 1998) M. ED. (B.U.K., 2010) P14EDPC9001/2014–2015 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEGREE IN GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY AND COUNSELLING, FACULTY OF EDUCATION, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA MAY, 2019 DECLARATION The researcher declared that this study entitled: Effects of Rational Self Analysis and Cognitive Restructuring Counselling Techniques on Bullying Behaviour Among Secondary School Students in Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria; has been undertaken by the researcher in the Department of Educational Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Education, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria; under the supervisions of Professor R. M. Bello, Dr. S. A. Adisa and Professor S. Sambo. All the sources of information obtained were duly acknowledged in the body of the study and in the references lists. To the best of the knowledge of the researcher, no part of this thesis was presented for another certificate at any institutions of higher learning. -------------------------------------- ------------------------------- --------------------------- Name of Student Signature Date ii CERTIFICATION This thesis entitled: “EFFECTS OF RATIONAL SELF ANALYSIS AND COGNITIVE RESTRUCTURING COUNSELLING TECHNIQUES ON BULLYING BEHAVIOUR AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN LOKOJA, KOGI STATE, NIGERIA”; written by ABDUL RAMAT USMAN meets the regulation governing the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Guidance and Counselling, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria; and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. ___________________________________ ________________________ Prof. R. M. Bello Date Chairman, Supervisory Committee ____________________________________ ________________________ Dr. S. A. Adisa Date Member, Supervisory Committee ____________________________________ ________________________ Prof. S. Sambo Date Member, Supervisory Committee ____________________________________ ________________________ Prof. A. I. Mohammed Date Head of Department, Educational Psychology and Counselling ____________________________________ ________________________ Prof. S. Z. Abubakar Date Dean, School of Postgraduate Studies iii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my late parents namely Alhaji Usman Audu (Father) and Mallama Fatimoh Usman (Mother) who were the pillars of my educational attainment; andthough, they could not be alive to reap from the fortune of the researcher. May Allah (S. W. T.) grant both of them Al Jannah Firdausi. This thesis is also dedicated to the utilization of mankind as a way of adding to their stores of knowledge. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The researcher humbly acknowledged and appreciated the tireless efforts of the supervisory team in the persons of Professor R. M. Bello, Late Dr. J. O. Bawa, Dr. S. A. Adisa and Professor S. Sambo as well as my internal examiners namely: Professor M. Balarebe, Professor J. A. Gwani and Dr. Y. Umaru for making this study a gargantuan success. The researcher also acknowledged and appreciated the committed efforts of all the lecturers in the Department of Educational Psychology and Counselling as well as lecturers in other Departments of Faculty of Education who handle the teaching of some general education courses at PhD level or echelon, for having the researcher imparted with knowledge. They include: Professor R. M. Bello Professor S. Sambo, Professor M. I. Abdullahi, Late Dr. J. O. Bawa, Late Dr. A. O. Ehiozuwa, Dr. S. A Adisa, Dr. B. K. Dagari, Professor D. A. Oliagba, Professor M. Balarebe, Dr. Y. Umaru, Professor A. I. Mohammed, Professor K. Mahmud, Professor E. F. Adeniyi, Dr. L. K. Maude, Professor. J. A. Gwani, Professor M. A. Suleiman, Professor R. Bako and Professor M. Mamman,. Mallam B. Mahmud. as well as some non academic staff like Mr. M. Marcus, Mallam M. Ahmed and S. Abubakar. for their respective moral supports. The researcher appreciated the tireless effort of the external examiner – Prof. M. U. Tambawal of the Usmanu Danfodio University, Sokoto; who thoroughly went through the researcher‟s thesis page to page and pointed out all the final needed corrections that were made known after the researcher successfully defended the research work; as all these corrections were judiciously or thoughtfully effected by the researcher. The researcher most sincerely acknowledged and appreciated all the authorities or v scholars or authors whose literature were cited in the body of this thesis work and mentioned on the references lists. The researcher prayed Allah (S. W. T.) to bless them profusely for making their knowledge available for the utilization of humanity. The researcher acknowledged and appreciated the approval and release of financial assistance toward the pursuit of this progarmme by the Administrator of Lokoja Local Government Area – Honourable L. Shiru and the Director of Local Government Administration of the Local Government Area – Hajiya F. Abubakar. May Allah (S. W. T.) bless both of you for the good and kind manner gestures. The researcher acknowledged the initial financial support of my friend – Hon. I. D. Bababudon thank you very much. The researcher very much acknowledged and appreciated the effort of the researcher‟s colleague – M. S. Abubakar in the assistance rendered for handling the analysis of this study data. May Allah (S. W. T.) reward you abundantly. The researcher wholeheartedly acknowledged and appreciated the moral and general supports of my lovely, caring and very committed wife – Mallama H. A. Abdulrahman as well as the cooperation and understanding of the children displayed during the researcher‟s frequent academic pursuit absence from home. May Allah (S. W. T.) bless all of you. Vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page i Declaration ii Certification iii Dedication iv Acknowledgements v Table of Contents vii List of Tables xi List of Appendices xiv List of Abbreviations xv Operational Definition of Terms xvi Abstract xviii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem 7 1.3 Objectives of the Study 9 1.4 Research Questions 10 1.5 Hypotheses 11 1.6 Basic Assumptions 12 1.7 Significance of the Study 12 1.8 Scope and Delimitation of the Study 14 vii CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Introduction 16 2.2 The Concept of Rational Self Analysis 16 2.2.1 Theoretical Bases for Rational Self Analysis Counselling Technique 27 2.2.2 Principles of Rational Self Analysis 31 2.2.3 Rational and Irrational Self Analysis 33 2.2.4 Consequences of Irrational Self Analysis 34 2.3 The Concept of Cognitive Restructuring 36 2.3.1 Theoretical Bases for Cognitive Restructuring Counselling Technique 40 2.3.2 Processes of Cognitive Restructuring 42 2.3.3 Processes of Thought Recording Strategies in Cognitive Restructuring 43 2.3.4 Qualities of Cognitive Restructuring 46 2.4 The Concept of Bullying Behaviour 47 2.5 Theoretical Framework of Bullying Behaviour 59 2.5.1 The Psychoanalytic Theory 59 2.5.2 The Social Learning Theory 72 2.5.3 The Cognitive Behaviour Theory 84 2.5.4 The Cognitive Behavioural Theory 87 2.5.5 The Human Behaviour Theory 93 2.6 Types of Bullying Behaviour 95 2.6.1 Causes of Bullying Behaviour 102 2.6.2 Consequences of Bullying Behaviour 106 viii 2.7 Empirical Studies 118 2.8 Summary 135 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 147 3.2 Research Design 147 3.3 Population of the Study 149 3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Techniques 150 3.5 Instrumentation 151 3.6 Validation of the Instrument 153 3.7 Reliability of the Instrument 153 3.8 Procedure for Data Collection 155 3.8.1 Treatment Procedure Group One (I1) - Rational Self Analysis 156 3.8.2 Treatment Procedure Group Two (I2) - Cognitive Restructuring 162 3.9 Procedure for Data Analysis 168 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Introduction 171 4.2 Answer to Research Questions 171 4.3 Hypotheses Testing 175 4.4 Summary of Major Findings 180 4.5 Discussion of Results 181 CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Introduction 204 ix 5.2 Summary 204 5.3 Conclusion 206 5.4 Contribution to Knowledge 207 5.5 Recommendations 207 5.6 Limitation of the Study 209 5.7 Suggestions for Further Studies 210 REFERENCES 211 APPENDICES 221 x LIST OF TABLES Tables Page Table 1: Research Population by Schools 150 Table 2: Samples Drawn from Private Secondary Schools 151 Table 3: Mean and Standard Deviation of the Effect of Rational Self 172 Analysis Counselling Technique on Physical Bullying Behaviour among Secondary School Students from their Pretest and Posttest Scores Table 4: Mean and Standard Deviation of the Effect of Cognitive 172 Restructuring Counselling Technique on Physical Bullying Behaviour among Secondary School Students from their Pretest and Posttest Scores Table 5: Mean and Standard Deviation of the Effect of Rational Self 173 Analysis Counselling Technique on Verbal Bullying Behaviour among Secondary School Students from their Pretest and Posttest