University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Theses (Historic Preservation) Graduate Program in Historic Preservation 2017 Iran’s Earthen Architectural Heritage as Reflected in the errT a Congress Proceedings and Iran Journal Shaghayegh Torkzaban University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses Part of the Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons Torkzaban, Shaghayegh, "Iran’s Earthen Architectural Heritage as Reflected in the errT a Congress Proceedings and Iran Journal" (2017). Theses (Historic Preservation). 634. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/634 Suggested Citation: Torkzaban, Shaghayegh (2017). Iran’s Earthen Architectural Heritage as Reflected in the errT a Congress Proceedings and Iran Journal. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/634 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Iran’s Earthen Architectural Heritage as Reflected in the errT a Congress Proceedings and Iran Journal Abstract Iran is an important place for architectural and archaeological studies, especially for its wealth of earthen architecture. International scholarly studies in Iran began in the late nineteen and early twentieth centuries. However much of this research was not published until the end of the 1950s. In the 1960s, many scholarly conferences and publications on the conservation of earthen architecture began. Two major events occurred regarding Iran’s architectural heritage. The first was the founding of an international academic journal, Iran Journal, in 1963 by the British Institute of Persian Studies. The other was the formation of the first international congress on the conservation of earthen heritage, Terra, held in 1972, in Yazd, Iran. In this research with a comprehensive review of the history of the scholarship and heritage conservation in Iran, I did a systematic literature review on the presentation of Iran’s earthen architectural heritage in Terra congress proceedings and Iran Journal. The review of 165 published articles regarding Iran’s earthen heritage, showed three historical periods in this country’s international scholarship since the late 19th century. It also confirmed that majority of the published works come from archaeological and architectural studies, rather than conservation projects. According to this review, Iran challenges with the lack of international collaborative projects in earthen heritage conservation. The comparison studies between two publications showed a big gap in multidisciplinary collaborations between archaeologists, architects, and conservationists. I hope that this research with introducing the gaps in Iran’s earthen heritage research areas can create opportunities for planned scholarly studies. Keywords Mudbrick, Khesht, Conservation of earthen architecture, Archaeological studies, Iranian revolution Disciplines Historic Preservation and Conservation Comments Suggested Citation: Torkzaban, Shaghayegh (2017). Iran’s Earthen Architectural Heritage as Reflected in the errT a Congress Proceedings and Iran Journal. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/634 Iran’s Earthen Architectural Heritage as Reflected in the Terra Congress Proceedings and Iran Journal Shaghayegh Torkzaban A THESIS in Historic Preservation Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN HISTORIC PRESERVATION 2017 ______________________ Advisor Frank G. Matero Professor of Architecture ______________________ Program Chair Randall F. Mason Associate Professor Dedication YÉÜ à{Éáx ã{É uxÄ|xäx |Ç Ñxtvx tÇw Ä|äx yÉÜ |à ‹ [ii] Acknowledgement I am grateful to all who helped me during my time at the University of Pennsylvania, and my special thanks to my supervisor, Frank G. Matero, whom his advice made this thesis come to a conclusion. To my life-coaches my lovely parents, Nasser and Zari, who I owe all my life to them. And, all my love and gratitude go to my friend and husband, Mohsen Keyhanpoor. Your love, your patience, your support, and your wise advice stayed with me at all times. Thank you. [iii] Table of Contents Dedication ........................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................. iii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vii Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One: Proposition/Hypothesis ................................................................................. 6 Chapter Two: Methodology ................................................................................................ 9 Chapter Three: The Chronology of scholarship and heritage conservation in Iran .......... 15 History and Background ............................................................................................... 16 Pre-revolutionary Period ........................................................................................... 16 The Gap Period ......................................................................................................... 22 The Revival Period ................................................................................................... 24 Institutional and Organizational Collaborations ........................................................... 26 Iranian National Commission for UNESCO ............................................................. 27 ICCROM ................................................................................................................... 28 ICOM ........................................................................................................................ 29 ICOMOS ................................................................................................................... 29 IsMEO ....................................................................................................................... 30 Asia Institute ............................................................................................................. 31 CRA-Terre ................................................................................................................ 32 History of Iran Journal and Terra Conferences ............................................................. 33 Iran journal ................................................................................................................ 33 Terra .......................................................................................................................... 34 Chapter Four: Analyses .................................................................................................... 43 Comparable analyses on Terra Proceedings and Iran Journal publications .................. 43 Participation of Iranian and foreign scholars in scholarly publications .................... 44 Participants scholarship and affiliation ..................................................................... 46 Participation by countries ......................................................................................... 47 Themes and Subjects ................................................................................................ 50 Project scale and typology ........................................................................................ 55 [iv] Projects geographical location .................................................................................. 57 Analyses on the Terra Conferences .............................................................................. 65 Countries participating in Terra Conferences ........................................................... 65 General Analysis ....................................................................................................... 67 Chapter Five: Discussion .................................................................................................. 72 Chapter Six: Recommendations and Conclusion .............................................................. 78 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 80 Appendix 1: List of Iran World Heritage Sites ................................................................. 91 Appendix 2: Descriptive Table of the Terra Conferences ................................................ 92 Appendix 3: Descriptive Tables of the Articles presented in Terra Conferences about Iran Earthen Heritage ............................................................................................................................ 93 Appendix 4: Descriptive Table of the Articles published in Iran Journal about Iran Earthen Heritage .......................................................................................................................... 107 Index ..............................................................................................................................