Forced Migration and Conflict-Induced Displacement Impacts and Prospective Responses A Publication by the Centre for International Peace and Stability and the0020 Hanns Seidel Foundation Pakistan Forced Migration and Conflict-Induced Displacement: Impacts and Prospective Responses Edited by Muhammad Makki Aizah Azam, Syed Ali Akash and Faryal Khan ISBN 978-969-8535-62-9 Centre for International Peace and Stability (CIPS) National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) NUST PRESS First Published in 2020 by NUST Press. National University of Sciences and Technology H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission, in writing, from the publishers. Disclaimer: All pictures copyright to their respective owner(s). Our Centre does not claim ownership of any of the pictures displayed on this book unless stated otherwise. A catalogue record for this book is available from Centre for International Peace and Stability (CIPS), NUST Library, and Hanns Seidel Foundation Pakistan (HSF), Islamabad. ISBN 978-969-8535-62-9 _________________________________________________ Contents _________________________________________________ List of Tables and Figures i Acronyms ii Notes on Contributors iv Introduction vi Muhammad Makki Part I – Efforts towards Management of Forced Migration: Analyzing Repatriation, Resettlement, and Return of Displaced Populations 1. Forced Migration, the Other Way Round? The Politics of Deporting Afghans from Germany Martin Sökefeld…………………….……………………………………..1 2. The Management of Refugee Repatriation: How Voluntary are ‘Voluntary’ Returns from Germany? Usman Mahar............................................................................................21 3. Uncertainty to Safe and Dignified Repatriation of Rohingya Refugees from Bangladesh to Myanmar: A Rising Threat to Regional and Global Peace Md. Kamruzzaman………….…...………………………………………37 4. The Effects of Conflict and Internal Displacement on the Social Structure and Political Change in Swat, Pakistan Noor Elahi……………………………………………………………….57 5. Forced Migration as a Security Challenge for Pakistan: The Case of Afghan Refugees Shireen Mushtaq and Arifa Irshad Kayani………………...…………...77 Part II – Social Ramifications of Forced Migrations: Analyzing the Responses of Displaced Populations 6. Cultural Invasion as a Trigger for ‘Host-Stranger’ Conflicts: A Comparative Study of Conflict-Induced Migration of Muslims from India and the IDPs/TDPs from the Conflict Zones in the Northern Parts of Pakistan Raja Adnan Razzaq……..………………………….…………..………...93 7. Analyzing Socio-Economic Transformation of Afghan Refugees in Peshawar Jawad Aziz Sawal, Syed Faiq Sajjad Shah and Asif Khan………………105 8. Conflict-Induced Forced Migration and Human Security: Experiences of Off-Camp Internally Displaced Persons in Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Qaisar Ahmad, Farhan Navid Yousaf and Muhammad Makki Kakar…...................................................................................................122 9. Conflict, Displacement and the Implications for Warmaro/Ormari Language Khan Zeb and Abdullah Wazir………….…… ……………………….140 _________________________________________________ List of Tables and Figures ______________________________________________________________ No. Title Page Table 3.1 Prerequisites by Rohingya Refugees for Repatriation 44 Table 3.2 Rohingya Diaspora Across the World 47—48 Table 5.1 Push and Pull Factors of Forced Migration 82 Table 7.1 Age of the Respondents (Afghan Refugees) 111 Table 7.2 Age when Entered into Business 111 Table 7.3 Level of Economic Success (in Business) 111 Table 7.4 Educational Stage 112 Table 7.5 Technical Skill(s) 112 Table 7.6 Manufacturing of Products (by Afghan Refugees) 113 Table 7.7 Family Support to Business 113 Table 7.8 Business of Import & Export 113 Table 7.9 Difference in Costs of Products with other Markets 114 Table 7.10 Experiences of Social Change(s) after Migration 114 Table 7.11 Extent of Economic Change(s) after Migration 114—115 Table 7.12 Business Partnership(s) with Afghan Relatives 115 Table 7.13 Reasons of Returning to Afghanistan 115 Table 7.14 Business Partnership(s) in Afghanistan 116 Table 8.1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Participants 127—128 Table 9.1 Ormari Speakers before Displacement (Respondents) 153—154 Figure 5.1 Discourse Analysis of Securitization 81 Figure 9.1 Ormari Speakers before Displacement 149 Figure 9.2 Ormari Speakers after Displacement 150 Figure 9.3 Ormari Speakers before and after Displacement 150 i _________________________________________________ Acronyms _________________________________________________ Afghan Movement and Repatriation Strategy AMRS Afghan Transit Trade Agreement ATTA Alternative für Deutschland AfD Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army ARSA Assisted Voluntary Return AVR Bundesamt für Asyl und Flüchtlinge BAMF Christian Democratic Union of Germany CDU Christian Social Union CSU European Council on Refugees and Exiles ECRE European Union EU Federally Administered Tribal Areas FATA Frontier Crimes Regulations FCR Human Rights Commission of Pakistan HRCP Internally Displaced Person IDP Internally Displacement Monitoring Center IDMC International Court of Justice ICJ International Relocation Alternative IRA International Security Assistance Force ISAF Khyber Pakhtunkhwa KPK Military Families Resettlement Organization MFRO National Action Plan NAP North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO North Waziristan NW Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OCHA Organization of Islamic Cooperation OIC Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan PDPA Provincially Administered Tribal Areas PATA Rapid Protection Cluster Assessment RPCA Regional Security Complex RSC Regional Security Complex Theory RSCT Tehreek Nifaz-e- Shariait-e- Mohammadi TNSM Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan TTP ii Temporarily Displaced Person TDP United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan UNAMA United Nations Economic and Social Council ECOSOC United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR United Nations Human Rights Council UNHRC Village Defense Committee VDC World Food Program WFP iii _________________________________________________ Notes on Contributors _________________________________________________ Martin Sökefeld is a Professor of Social and Cultural Anthropology at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Germany ([email protected]) Usman Mahar is a Doctoral Researcher at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Germany ([email protected]) Md. Kamruzzaman is a journalist and a freelancer at Anadolu Agency, Turkey. He also works as a Planning Editor at The Time News, Bangladesh ([email protected]) Noor Elahi is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Development Studies at COMSATS University, Abbottabad Campus ([email protected]) Shireen Mushtaq is a Lecturer at the International Relations Department, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore ([email protected]) Arifa Irshad Kayani is the Head of International Relations Department, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore ([email protected]) Raja Adnan Razzaq is the Country Director of Friends of Humanity (FOH), the United States of America in Pakistan, and the Founding Chairman of Society for Migration Studies, Islamabad ([email protected]) Jawad Aziz Sawal is an MPhil Scholar at the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Peshawar ([email protected]) Syed Faiq Sajjad is a Lecturer at the Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar ([email protected]) Asif Khan is a visiting lecturer at the Department of Social Work, University of Peshawar ([email protected]) Qaisar Ahmad is a Lecturer at the Department of Social and Gender Studies, University of Swat ([email protected]) Farhan Navid Yousaf is an Associate Professor at the Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of Punjab, Lahore ([email protected]) iv Muhammad Makki Kakar is a Ph.D. Scholar at the Department of Sociology, International Islamic University, Islamabad ([email protected]) Khan Zeb is a Ph.D. Scholar at the Centre for International Peace and Stability (CIPS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad ([email protected]) Abdullah Wazir is a Lecturer of English at the Government Degree College Kotka Habibullah, Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ([email protected]) Muhammad Makki is an Assistant Professor and the Head of Department (Research) at the Centre for International Peace and Stability (CIPS), NUST ([email protected]) Syed Ali Akash is a Research Assistant at Centre for International Peace and Stability (CIPS), NUST ([email protected]) Aizah Azam is a Research Assistant at the Department of United Nations Peacekeeping and Training (PKT) at the Centre for International Peace and Stability (CIPS). She is also the Associate Editor of Nust Journal of International Peace and Stability ([email protected]) v _________________________________________________ Introduction _________________________________________________ Muhammad Makki The phenomenon of human migration is exceedingly diverse and multifaceted and therefore sketches beyond the scope of single or case-specific coherent explanations. Owing to the ever-evolving contextual realities, the fundamental idea of human migration