1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 INTRODUCTION TO 9 GLOBAL MILITARY HISTORY 10 1 2 ‘Excellent. It integrates the land, air and maritime aspects of conflict and strikes 3 a reasonable balance between the context and the events of the history of war 4 and conflict.’ 5 Stanley Carpenter, Professor of Strategy and Policy, 6 US Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island 7 ‘An excellent stimulus to thought and to further study . very good on the 8 theoretical underpinning of military history, the distinction between wars and 9 battles and the necessity of examining strategy in the political context.’ 2011 Dan Todman, Lecturer in Modern History, 1 Queen Mary, University of London 2 3 This lucid account of military developments around the modern world begins 4 with the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary Wars and 5 continues chronologically to the latest conflicts in the 2000s. It combines global 6 coverage with thought-provoking analysis, dealing not only with the military 7 aspects of conflict but also with the social, cultural, political and economic aspects 8 and consequences of such conflict. By placing the familiar or known alongside the 9 largely unknown, it forces the reader to reassess the standard grand narrative of 30 military history that rests on assumptions of Western cultural and technological 1 superiority. It will be essential reading for students in universities worldwide, whether studying modern military history, modern world history, history and inter- 2 national relations or war and society. 3 4 Specially designed to be user-friendly, Introduction to Global Military History offers: 5 • Chapter introductions and conclusions to assist study and revision 6 • ‘Voices of war’ sourced extracts from the field of war 7 • Case studies in each chapter to support the narrative and provoke discussion 8 • Vivid engravings, plans, paintings and photos to bring the conflicts alive 9 • A 12-page colour map section plus 21 other integrated maps 40 • Annotated references from the latest publications in the field 1 Jeremy Black is Professor of History at the University of Exeter. He is a leading 2 military historian whose books include Rethinking Military History (Routledge, 3 2004), World War Two: A Military History (Routledge, 2003), European Warfare, 4 1494–1660 (Routledge, 2002), European Warfare, 1660–1815 (Routledge, 1994) 5 and Why Wars Happen (1998). He is editor of the Routledge Warfare and History 6111 series and has lectured extensively in North America, Europe and Australasia. 1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 3 4 5 6111 1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 INTRODUCTION TO GLOBAL 8 9 MILITARY HISTORY 10 1 2 1775 to the present day 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2011 Jeremy Black 1 2 3 411 5 611 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 3 4 5 6111 1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2011 First published 2005 by Routledge 1 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 2 Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada 3 by Routledge 4 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 5 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group 6 © 2005 Jeremy Black 7 8 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006. 9 “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s 30 collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” 1 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted 2 or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other 3 means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or 4 in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. 5 6 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 7 8 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Black, Jeremy. 9 Introduction to global military history: 1775 to the present day/Jeremy Black. 40 p. cm. 1 Includes bibliographical references and index. 2 1. Military history, Modern. I. Title. 3 D295.B53 2005 909.8–dc22 2005008577 4 5 ISBN 0–415–35394–7 (hbk) 6111 ISBN 0–415–35395–5 (pbk) 1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2011 FOR OLIVER COLVILLE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 3 4 5 6111 1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 3 4 5 6111 1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 CONTENTS 8 9 10 1 2 List of illustrations xi 311 Acknowledgements xv 4 List of abbreviations xvi 5 Introduction xvii 6 7 1 The World of War in the Late Eighteenth Century 1 8 9 Introduction 1 2011 The American War of Independence, 1775–83 3 1 Before the French Revolution 18 2 The French Revolutionary Wars, 1792–99 20 3 The rise of Napoleon 23 4 Asian conflicts 23 5 Naval power 26 6 Conclusions 30 7 8 2 Empires Rise and Fall, 1800–30 31 9 Introduction 31 30 The rise of Britain 33 1 War in the Americas 37 2 Napoleon 40 3 Europe after Napoleon 45 4 Developments elsewhere 45 5 Conclusions 50 6 7 3 Moulding States, 1830–80 51 8 9 Introduction 51 40 The aims of conflict 52 1 The impact of technology 53 2 The Taiping rebellion 54 3 The American Civil War, 1861–65 56 4 The Wars of German Unification 63 5 Latin America 65 6111 Conclusions 67 vii CONTENTS 1111 4 Building Empires, 1830–1913 70 2 Introduction 70 3 European imperialism 70 4 American expansion 75 5 Non-Western states 77 6 China and Japan 82 7 8 Naval power 85 9 Conclusions 86 10 1 5 World War One, 1914–18 89 2 Introduction 89 3 Background 89 4 Opening campaign 91 5 Conflict within Europe 93 6 Warfare outside Europe 97 7 Closing campaign 100 8 Conclusions 101 9 2011 6 Between Two World Wars 103 1 2 Introduction 103 3 Post-war conflict 103 4 Civil war in China 108 5 Elsewhere in the Third World 110 6 The British Empire in the 1930s 111 7 The USA 113 8 Naval developments 113 9 Air power 114 30 German rearmament 116 1 Conclusions 117 2 3 7 World War Two, 1939–45 120 4 5 Introduction 120 6 Opening campaigns 121 7 Soviet Union attacked 123 8 War in the Pacific 124 9 Axis attacks held, 1942 126 40 Beating Germany, 1943–45 132 1 D-Day 135 2 Defeating Germany, 1944–45 141 3 Defeating Japan, 1943–45 141 4 War and society 148 5 Why the Axis lost 151 6111 Conclusions 152 viii CONTENTS 1111 8 Wars of Decolonization, 1945–94 154 2 Introduction 154 3 The late 1940s 154 4 The Malayan Emergency 156 5 France in Indo-China 157 6 France in Algeria 159 7 Britain and decolonization 162 8 Portugal and decolonization 165 9 Elsewhere in Africa 167 10 Conclusions 168 1 2 9 The Cold War, 1945–90 173 3 4 Introduction 173 5 The Chinese Civil War, 1946–49 174 6 The Korean War, 1950–53 176 7 The Vietnam War 181 8 Confrontation in Europe 191 9 Planning for Armageddon 196 2011 Rockets 200 1 The Afghan War 205 2 The last stages of the Cold War 207 3 Conclusions 210 4 5 10 Wars between Non-Western Powers, 1945–90 211 6 Introduction 211 7 Border wars 212 8 Intervention wars 212 9 South Asia 213 30 The Middle East 215 1 Arab–Israeli wars 217 2 Rebellions 226 3 Coups 230 4 Force and the state 231 5 Latin America 232 6 Conclusions 234 7 8 11 War in the 1990s 235 9 40 Introduction 235 1 The Gulf War, 1990–91 236 2 American operations 240 3 Somalia and Haiti 241 4 Chechnya 243 5 The former Soviet Union 244 6111 Yugoslavia 245 ix CONTENTS 1111 Third World conflict 247 2 Conclusions 249 3 4 12 War in the 2000s 250 5 Introduction 250 6 The war on terrorism 250 7 The revolution in military affairs 254 8 Attempted revolutions in military affairs 257 9 The Gulf War of 2003–4 258 10 Third World conflict 261 1 Conclusions 266 2 3 13 Conclusions 270 4 5 Introduction 270 6 Technology 271 7 The West versus the rest 274 8 Fitness for purpose 276 9 Cultural interpretations 276 2011 Conclusions 278 1 2 3 Bibliography 279 4 Index 287 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 3 4 5 6111 x 1111 2 3 4 5 6 7 ILLUSTRATIONS 8 9 10 1 2 31 PLATES 4 5 1.1 The Siege of Gibraltar, 1782 by George Carter 2 6 1.2 Destruction of the American Fleet at Penobscot Bay by Dominic Serres 5 7 1.3 The Death of Colonel Moorhouse at Bangalore, 21 March 1791 by 8 Robert Home 15 9 1.4 The storming of Seringapatam, 4 May 1799 24 2011 1.5 Indian demon attacking fort, 1791 25 1 1.6 The Agamemnon engages four French frigates and a corvette by 2 Nicholas Pocock 27 3 1.7 The Battle of Camperdown by Philip de Loutherberg 28 4 2.1 Double-headed shot for cutting through rigging 35 5 2.2 Capture of the Chesapeake, 1 June 1813 35 6 2.3 The squadron under the command of Sir J.