WASH CLUSTER - SOMALIA MINIMUM WASH TECHNICAL GUIDELINES -2017 Somalia Minimum WASH Technical Guidelines WASH CLUSTER - SOMALIA MINIMUM WASH TECHNICAL GUIDELINES -2017 Contents Preview ............................................................................................................................................... 2 Part 1: Water ....................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 3 Construction, Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Water Points: ........................................................... 7 Shallow Wells: ................................................................................................................................. 8 Boreholes ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Berkhads ....................................................................................................................................... 16 Water Pans .................................................................................................................................... 17 Dams ................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. Water Vouchers ............................................................................................................................ 21 Part 2 Sanitation and Hygiene .............................................................................................................. 23 Latrines .............................................................................................................................................. 25 Recommended latrine standard for Somalia (Annex 9 in SOF) ............................................................. 25 Latrine nomenclature: .................................................................................................................. 26 Latrine Rehabilitation .................................................................................................................... 26 Emergency/Urban latrine construction: ....................................................................................... 27 School latrine Construction ........................................................................................................... 27 Preview The guidelines presented in this document represent a common cluster approach toward WASH activities in Somalia, based on best practice, cultural, social and environmental acceptability and global minimum standards The guidelines in no way detract from the participation of disaster-affected communities in the assessment, design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of assistance programs. The guidelines help to ensure that vulnerable communities in Somalia receive an equitable, minimum level of service from WASH cluster members. All WASH cluster members agree to adopt the minimum guidelines in their programs and justify any interventions that fall short of the guidelines. The guidelines are technical in nature and all WASH cluster members are encouraged to seek technical advice on construction from the WASH cluster technical library, where necessary. WASH CLUSTER - SOMALIA MINIMUM WASH TECHNICAL GUIDELINES -2017 Part 1: Water 1. Introduction Many international and local organizations, private contractors, and communities are involved in the construction, rehabilitation, and upgrading of water points (ex., hand dug wells, boreholes, barkeds, dams and water pans). But serious failings in the quality of implementation and construction may impede these efforts, from which recovery is difficult without significant additional investment. There are many examples in Somalia of water points providing water all the year round to satisfy the needs of local populations. However, there are also numerous examples of water points falling into a state of disrepair, or providing water on a seasonal basis only. Poor construction quality or construction at the wrong time of the year can undermine all efforts to keep water points working. The premise of this part of the guideline is that certain basic mandatory standards should be adhered to when implementing and constructing water sources. This will help to professionalize the water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) sector. Reasons for better water supply could be: • The quality of the water from the existing source may be inadequate/unsafe • The existing source of water may not function properly and needs to be improved/repaired • The existing source may provide an inadequate quantity of water • The existing source may be inconvenient, e.g. it is too far away from the home The SPHERE standards 1 outline the basic principles of water supplies from page 79 to 139. The quantities of water needed for domestic use is context based, and may vary according to the climate, the sanitation facilities available, people’s habits…etc. Water consumption generally increases the nearer the water source is to the dwelling. Where possible, 15 litres per person per day (l/p/d) can be exceeded to conform to local standards where that standard is higher. Table 1: Minimum basic survival water needs2 Survival needs: water intake 2.5–3 litres per day Depends on the climate and (drinking and food) individual physiology Basic hygiene practices 2–6 litres per day Depends on social and cultural norms Basic cooking needs 3–6 litres per day Depends on food type and social and cultural norms Total basic water needs 7.5–15 litres per day Maximum numbers of people per water source: The number of people per source depends on the yield and availability of water at each source. The approximate guidelines are: Table 2: Maximum numbers of people per water source 250 people per tap based on a flow of 7.5 litres/minute 500 people per hand pump based on a flow of 17 litres/minute 400 people per single-user open well based on a flow of 12.5 litres/minute 1 http://www.sphereproject.org/handbook/ 2 SPHERE standards page no 98. WASH CLUSTER - SOMALIA MINIMUM WASH TECHNICAL GUIDELINES -2017 In a disaster and until minimum standards for both water quantity and quality are met, the priority is to provide equitable access to an adequate quantity of water even if it is of intermediate quality. Disaster-affected people are significantly more vulnerable to disease; therefore, water access and quantity indicators should be reached even if they are higher than the norms of the affected or host population. Particular attention should be paid to ensure the need for extra water for people with specific health conditions, such as HIV and AIDS, and to meet the water requirement for livestock and crops in drought situations. To avoid hostility, it is recommended that water and sanitation coverage address the needs of both host and affected populations equally. Water sources can be divided into three categories: groundwater, surface water and rainwater. In Somalia, the common choice is boreholes equipped with hand pumps or motorized pumps; hand dug wells, barkeds, and dams and from developed springs. A number of global technology options are available for improved rural water supply systems. However, not all can be applied everywhere. Table 3: Water sources and relevant technology Water Source Technology Details / Examples Collection Distribution Ground water Spring catchment Outlet pipe from catchment No pumping required Tap - stand at catchment Piped distribution system Shallow (hand- Rope and bucket Susceptible to dug) wells contamination Hand- pump Power pump (Possibility for On-going operation piped distribution system) costs Boreholes Hand- pump Power pump (Possibility for On-going operation piped distribution system) costs Surface Direct collection No distribution system Requires water water from rivers, treatment barkeds, etc. Pumped storage/piped Requires water system treatment. On-going operation costs Rain Roof gutter and Direct collection from tank Feasibility dependant water storage tank Pumped piped system on amount and frequency of rain; construction of roofs 2. Design considerations In order to ensure the supply of improved and adequate water to communities within the design period of any water supply system, due consideration should be given to the following parameters: • The population number: A reliable forecast of the expected number of people utilizing this service is important. This can be extrapolated from the current population figure and the growth rate and/ or any other factors that might affect the numbers to be served. • The design period of components: This should be identified and the implementation period agreed upon at the beginning of the planning stage as the life span of the components varies. Components can be implemented in phases depending on the availability of resources. Components like hand dug wells could initially be designed for 20 years or more, WASH CLUSTER - SOMALIA MINIMUM WASH TECHNICAL GUIDELINES -2017 and pumps should be designed for the same period with a regular replacement of components. • The quality of water: The quality of water (in terms of physical, chemical and bacteriological content) has a significant impact on public health. Since this varies considerably from region to region in Somalia, the fluoride, sulphate and nitrate content in the groundwater