[2015] Use of social support [2015] SCOPING QUESTION: Is use of social support better than treatment as usual for persons with thoughts or plans of self- harm in the last month or acts of self-harm in the last year? Background Persons with thoughts or plans of self-harm in the last month means persons with report or family/associate report of current thoughts or plans of self-harm, OR thoughts or plans of self-harm in the last month, regardless of the stated intent. Persons with acts of self-harm in the last year means report or family/associate report of current act of self-harm, OR act of self-harm in the last year, regardless of the stated intent. Persons identified with any of the other priority conditions will receive the corresponding effective interventions within the package. This table states ADDITIONAL interventions needed for these persons. This scoping question evaluates whether social support (in the form of social support services, e.g. case management, or community and family-based social support) is an effective intervention for persons with thoughts or plans of self-harm in the last month or acts of self-harm in the last year. Community and family-based social support networks refer to physical and positive emotional support given by family, friends, co-workers etc. This support can also be defined as any information leading an individual to believe he or she is cared for, loved, valued and a member of a social network. Social support services are similar to community and family-based social support networks, but are prescribed by professionals such as health-care providers, care-givers and especially charity and social workers as opposed to friends and family. The organizations providing social support may introduce individuals to others receiving support to help them build friendships and a social network. Usually the individual receives this kind of support after referral. Population/Intervention(s)/Comparator/Outcome(s) (PICO) Population: persons with thoughts, plans or acts of self-harm Interventions: social support (in the form of social support services, e.g. case management, or community and family-based social support) Comparisons: treatment as usual Persons identified with any of the other priority conditions will receive the corresponding effective interventions within the package; this evidence profile states 1 ADDITIONAL interventions needed regarding thoughts, plans or acts of self-harm. [2015] Outcomes: suicide mortality repetition of suicide attempts and acts of self-harm thoughts or plans of self-harm, hopelessness quality of life functionality status Search process Search strategy A systematic search was conducted via Web of Knowledge, The Cochrane Library and PubMed to identify reports evaluating suicide prevention interventions. The key identifiers used for the searches were self-harm and suicide. Attached to these, the following key words were used for the searches: social support services, social support network. References for articles were checked for identification of further articles. Inclusion and exclusion criteria Observational studies, non-systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, and systematic reviews, in English. No limitation for year of publishing. Narrative description of the identified studies Author Title Reference Description of the study Results De Leo D, Heller T (2007). Intensive case management Australian journal of primary Suicide attempters were Intensive case management had in suicide attempters health, 13:49-58. randomly assigned to Intensive positive impacts on suicidal following discharge. Case Management (social patients. People in intensive support through weekly face-to- case management had face contact with a community significant improvements in Persons identified with any of the other priority conditions will receive the corresponding effective interventions within the package; this evidence profile states 2 ADDITIONAL interventions needed regarding thoughts, plans or acts of self-harm. [2015] case manager and outreach depression scores, suicide telephone calls from ideation and quality of life. experienced telephone counselors) or Treatment As Usual. Hegerl U et al (2006). The Alliance against depression: Psychological Medicine, A four-level intervention against Fewer suicide attempts and acts 2-year evaluation of a 36:1225-33. depression and suicidality of self-harm in the intervention community-based intervention including training of community region; no difference in suicide to reduce suicidality. World Journal of Biological facilitators (priests, teachers, mortality rate. Hegerl U et al (2008). The 'European Alliance Against Psychiatry, 9:51-8. geriatric care-givers, counselling Depression (EAAD)': a centres, helplines, multifaceted, community-based psychotherapists, pharmacists, action programme against police, and prison officers). depression and suicidality. Ono Y et al (2008). A community intervention trial BMC Public Health, 8:315. To examine whether NOCOMIT-J Results expected in 2010. of multimodal suicide is effective in reducing suicidal prevention program in Japan: a behavior in the community. The novel multimodal community program focuses on building intervention program to prevent social support networks in the suicide and suicide attempt in public health system for suicide Japan, NOCOMIT-J. prevention and mental health promotion, intending to reinforce human relationships in the community. Oyama H et al (2006). Local community intervention Psychiatry and Clinical Group activity provided by Suicide mortality incidence through depression screening Neurosciences, 60:110-4. public health nurses in rate for suicide reduced and group activity for elderly Minami district of Japan. significantly for females in suicide prevention. the region, not change for males. Persons identified with any of the other priority conditions will receive the corresponding effective interventions within the package; this evidence profile states 3 ADDITIONAL interventions needed regarding thoughts, plans or acts of self-harm. [2015] Sun FK et al (2008). Family care of Taiwanese Journal of Advanced Nursing, Families have an important Categories that emerged as patients who had attempted 62:53-61. role in caring for a member important were the family suicide: a grounded theory. who is at risk of suicide. environment, support study. Interviews were conducted systems, coping mechanisms with suicidal patients who and helping skills. had just been discharged and family members to develop guidance in the care of a member who is at risk of suicide. Newman CF (2005). Reducing risk of suicide in Cognitive and Behavioral Just a discussion. Importance of family-based patients with bi-polar Practice, 12:76-88. social support networks for disorder: interventions and sufferers of bi-polar disorder. safeguards. Granero R, Poni E, Poni C Suicidal ideation among Puerto Rico Health Sciences Suicidal ideation in the the Loneliness showed to be a (2008). students of the 7th, 8th, and Journal, 27:337-42. Global School Health Survey. risk factor for suicidal 9th grades in the State of ideation. Lara, Venezuela: the Global School Health Survey. Liu BH et al (2008). [Study on the factors Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Evaluation of health risk Loneliness was identified as a influencing suicidal ideation Za Zhi, 29:128-31. factors on suicidal ideation risk factor for suicide among medical students in among medical students. ideation. Beijing]. Winfree LT, Jiang S (2010). Youthful Suicide and Social Journal of Youth Violence and This study used the National Parental expressive support Support: Exploring the Social Juvenile Justice, 8(1):19-37. Longitudinal Survey of reduced both suicide ideation Dynamics of Suicide-Related Adolescent Health, to and attempts. That is, examine the ties between adolescents who felt parental Behavior Within a National Persons identified with any of the other priority conditions will receive the corresponding effective interventions within the package; this evidence profile states 4 ADDITIONAL interventions needed regarding thoughts, plans or acts of self-harm. [2015] Sample of US Adolescents social support mechanisms love and caring were less and adolescent expressions likely to think about suicide of suicide ideation and or attempt it than those not suicide attempts. reporting such bonds to parents Poudel-Tandukar K et al Social Support and Suicide in Journal of Psychiatric In this prospective study, A Having esteem support was (2011). Japanese Men and Women Research, 45:1545-1550 total of 26,672 men and independently and 29,865 women aged 40-69 significantly associated with a years enrolled in the Japan reduced risk of death from Public Health Center-based suicide in women, but not in prospective study in 1993- men. Having four or more 1994 completed a self- friends was significantly administered questionnaire associated with a reduced which included four items of risk of death from suicide in social support, and were men and women. followed for death through December 2005. Kleiman EM, Liu RT (2011). Social Support as a Protective Journal of Affective Study analyzed the Findings suggest social Factor in Suicide: Findings Disorders, 150:540-545 relationship between social support is associated with from Two Nationally support and lifetime history decreased likelihood of a of a suicide attempt, lifetime suicide attempt in Representative Samples controlling for a variety of both samples. related psychopathology and demographic variables, in the National