EVANGELICALS INFLUENCE ON US FOREIGN POLICY: IMPACT ON PAK-US RELATIONS (SEPTEMBER 2001 – NOVEMBER 2007) MINHAS MAJEED KHAN DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR JANUARY 2013 i Source: United States Information Agency ii Source: www.worldatlas.com iii GLOSSARY American Exceptionalism: It refers to the theory that the United States is qualitatively different from other nations with a special role based on liberty, egalitarianism, populism and laissez faire, to lead the world. Baptism: It means ‘to dip in water’. Baptism, by full immersion, was the ritual of admission to the early Christian community. Born Again: It refers to a Christian who has made a renewed or confirmed commitment of faith especially after an intense religious experience. Congregationalism: A Christian movement starting in the late sixteenth century in England that emphasized on the independence and autonomy of each local church congregation, and as such it eliminated bishops and presbyteries. Congregationalists were called independents, who were persecuted by the established Church due to which they fled to Holland, others to America with the Mayflower in 1620. Dispensationalism: It is also known as ‘Dispensational Pre-Millennialism’ which maintained that history is divided into distinct periods or dispensations and that God dealt differently with humanity in each of these periods. Furthermore, it insists that humanity is now moving towards the end of the final dispensation and that Jesus would return at any moment.It became popular among Evangelicals in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Dominionism: Dominionists take their desire for a theocratic state to its logical conclusion and seek Christian dominion over not just America but the world. Episcopal: Episcopacy, in some Christian churches, applies to the office of a bishop and the concomitant system of church government based on the three orders or offices of the ministry: bishops, priests, and deacons. Evangelism: Spreading of Christian Gospel by public preaching or personal witness. iv Fundamentalism: It was a religious movement within various Protestant denominations in the twentieth century in the US as a reaction against modernism, secularism, Darwinism and strict adherence to traditional interpretation of scripture. High Church (1687): Tending especially in Anglican worship to stress the sacerdotal (priestly), liturgical, ceremonial, traditional, and Catholic elements in worship. Indulgence: Remission of punishment for sin, a power that was claimed by the Roman Catholic Church in the Middle Ages. Jihad: The word ‘Jihad’ literally means ‘striving’ or ‘struggle’ and by no means is an equivalent of the Western concept of ‘holy war’. Left Behind: A series of 16 bestselling novels by Tim LaHaye and Jerry Jenkins, dealing with Christian Dispensationalist End Times: Pretribulation, Premillennial, Christian eschatological viewpoint of the end of the world. Low Church: It refers to minimize emphasis on the priesthood, sacraments, and the ceremonial in worship and often to emphasize Evangelical principles. Manifest Destiny: American writer John L. O’Sullivan coined the term in 1845. It described the American belief of God given mission to expand westward, occupy a continental nation, and extend US constitutional government to unenlightened peoples. Mass: Catholic name for the Eucharist, derived from Latin Missa, to send or dismiss, the dismissal ending the liturgy. Mennonites: Followers of the Dutch reformer Menno Simons (1496-1561). Mennonites have independent congregations and refuse to bear arms or swear oaths. Their communities are often called ‘peace churches’ or ‘believer churches’. Methodist: The largest of the English Free Churches and third largest American denomination. Methodism was a product of the industrial revolution of the v eighteenth century, an Evangelistic movement taking the Gospel to unchurched communities in the mining and industrial towns. Moral Majority: Moral Majority (MM) in the US had an agenda of Evangelical Christian oriented political lobbying and through it the founder of MM, Jerry Falwell, was able to unite Evangelicals with other fundamentalist Protestants, Fundamentalist Jews and the Catholics who had the same views about various issues e.g. abortion. Neo-Conservatism: It was a political movement in the US in the 1960s among conservatives and some liberals, who favoured political, economic and social conservatism. The Neo-Conservatives generally advocate a free-market economy with minimum taxation and government economic regulation; strict limits on government-provided social-welfare programs; and a strong military supported by large defense budgets. The Neo-Cons also believe that government policy should respect the importance of traditional institutions such as religion and the family. Unlike most conservatives of the earlier generations, the Neo-Cons maintain that the US should take an active role in world affairs, though they are generally suspicious of international institutions. Papacy: The office and jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome who presides over the central government of the Roman Catholic Church. Penance: It is one of the seven Rituals in medieval and Roman Catholic teaching, and includes Contrition, Confession, Satisfaction and Absolution. Pentecostals: Modern Evangelical movements that place emphasis on stressing gift of the Spirit, especially speaking in tongue and healings. Presbyterian: Presbyterianism is a type of church government by elders in the reformed tradition, derived especially from Calvin, Zwingli and Knox. Proselytize: To convert somebody. Protestantism: The sixteenth century religious movement in Europe that resulted in the formation of Protestantism. The Protestants are separated from the Roman vi Catholic Church and adhere largely to the principles of the Reformation Movements. Religious Pluralism: It refers to the diversity of religious beliefs coexisting in a society. Pluralism is based on interreligious dialogue and for interfaith and inter-civilizational dialogue, needed to accept the norms of religious pluralism. The aim of religious pluralism is to find ways to be specifically ourselves and still be in relation to one another as it assumes both openness and commitment. Social Gospel: The Social Gospel stressed social justice and the concomitant duty of Christians to use a wide variety of personal and societal mechanisms to address the needs of the poor, e.g. widows, orphans, unemployed. Suttee: Hindu practice of a widow burning herself on her husband’s funeral pyre. vii ABSTRACT Evangelicals in the US have a significant influence on the US foreign policy especially after 9/11 and, hence, Evangelicals have a far reaching impact on the US relations with the outside world and particularly with Pakistan between September 2001 and November 2007 bringing visible changes in Pakistan’s political, economic and social spheres. The main point in understanding Evangelical faith is that all aspects of its influence on the US foreign policy, whether political or religious, are inter-related. Once the nature of influence in all aspects is understood, its impact on relations between Pakistan and the US would become quite clear. The study examines various factors where Evangelicals have profoundly influenced politics and the manner and extent to which political and religious leaders in the US have manipulated religion. It also explores the phenomenon of Islamophobia prevailing in the West and Evangelicals’ stance on the Islamic extremism in the Muslim world, particularly Pakistan. Pakistan, being an ally in the current situation, stands distinct in the US foreign policy. It is the only Muslim nuclear country and, hence, is seen as vulnerable to extremists’ activities and there is a fear that its nuclear weapons might fall into the hands of militants. The researcher, therefore, identifies major issues of concern for Evangelicals with regard to Pak-US relations. It also evaluates the role of Evangelical social and religious based organizations, working in Pakistan after 9/11 for the promotion of interfaith harmony or otherwise. Finally, it determines the truth regarding the US Evangelicals efforts/designs through state and non-state actors to transfer their religious values in Pakistan and analyzes whether Evangelicals have any effect, good or bad, on this relationship. viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and the foremost, I live everyday in gratitude to Almighty Allah. Everything in life that I have and will achieve is by the grace and blessings of Allah, Who made me a human being that I wanted to be and facilitated me in this journey in accomplishing my dream. A great number of people deserve recognition for their help and support over the past few years, which came in many different forms and guises, and without which this research project could not have been completed. Primarily, I owe special thanks to my Supervisor Prof. Dr. Taj Moharram Khan, who very thoroughly checked each chapter of my dissertation and guided me in the right direction while writing my thesis by contributing intellectually and encouraging me in my moments of despondency. He was also extremely helpful in matters indirectly related to this study. My Co-supervisor Prof. Dr. Miraj-ul-Islam Zia and Prof. Dr. Qibla Ayaz suggested valuable contacts whom I found immensely helpful for the conduction of this research. Without their support, I would have not been able to finish this study. A special debt of gratitude to Prof. Dr. Naeem ur Rehman Khattak,