Index A 5.4 (tamapin), 370, 374–375, 378, 501 AahI (scorpion toxin), 79–81, 146–149, 5.5 (tamapin-2), 375, 501 334, 393, 446–447, 450–451, 453, 458 6.3 (HsTx1), 352, 359, 501 AahII (scorpion toxin), 79–81, 113, 116, 15.2 (BmTx3A), 496, 505, 514 146–149, 390, 407, 446–447, 450–459, 15.6 (discrepin), 281, 282, 287, 505 462, 535 16.2 (Martentoxin), 406–407 Aah venom. See Androctonus, venoms 18.2 (TdK2), 281, 506 Acetylcholine, 69–70, 101, 103, 211, 231, 18.3 (TdK3), 281, 506 264, 279, 336, 354–356, 358, 371, 23.1 (21.1, Vm24), 519 415, 423, 513 Amount of injected venom, 35, 63–64, Acute lung injury, 73, 278, 280 67, 205–206, 211, 247, 261, 266 Acute phase proteins, 72, 89, 90, 92–93, Ananteris (scorpion), 53, 233, 248 102, 280 A. balzanii, 301, 310, 313 Acute pulmonary edema. See Pulmonary A. bianchinii, 313 edema, scorpion venom-induced A. bonito, 313 Acute respiratory distress syndrome, 73, 87, A. cusinii, 230 264, 269, 274, 278 A. evellynae, 313 Adaptations A. franckei, 313 ecological, 4 A. kuryi, 313 environmental, 39–40, 56, 532, 540 A. maranhensis, 313 to life in desert, 42–44, 65, 185 A. mauryi, 313 α-helix, 282, 360, 364, 377, 397, 422, 427, 447, Anaphylactic shock, 77, 116, 125, 127, 204, 210 448, 452, 462, 495–496, 514–515, Ancestral 548, 554 arthropod, 4 α-KTx (scorpion toxins), 263, 281, 287, 314, bioactive surface, 485 339, 359, 394–396, 416–417, 463, 493, toxin, 286 495–508, 514–515, 517–519, 553 Androctonus (scorpion), 5, 37, 41–42, 50, 65, 1.1 (charybdotoxin), 374–375, 396–397, 146, 162, 181–183, 196–197, 300, 378, 474–475, 497, 517 442–466, 540 1.3 (iberiotoxin, IbTX), 370, 374–375, A. amoreuxi, 65, 91, 182–183, 197, 442, 378, 397, 497 444–445, 465 2.1 (noxiustoxin), 374–375, 498, 513 A. australis (outdated A. australis hector), 2.2 (margatoxin), 375, 498 45, 53, 65, 70–71, 75, 79–80, 91, 94, 3.1 (kaliotoxin), 66, 359, 396, 426, 499, 517 113, 116, 146, 148–150, 155, 246, 4.1 (Ts7), 426–427 264, 386, 393, 394, 442–446, 465, 4.2 (Tsκ), 514 476, 532 4.3 (TdK1), 281, 287, 500 A. bicolor, 12, 183–184, 197, 444–445 5.1 (scyllatoxin), 374–375, 501 A. crassicauda, 28, 31, 183–185, 196–197, 5.3 (BmP05), 501, 514 328, 331–336, 342–345, 444–445, 556 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015 563 P. Gopalakrishnakone et al. (eds.), Scorpion Venoms, Toxinology, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6404-0 564 Index Androctonus (scorpion) (cont.) pharmacokinetics, 110, 118–133. (see also A. mauritanicus, 42, 48, 80, 386, 442–445, Pharmacokinetics, of venoms and 465, 556 antivenoms) toxins, 331–336, 442–466. (see also AahI polyvalent, 129, 202, 270, 345–346 (scorpion toxin); AahII (scorpion production, 78–79, 140, 164, 208, 239, toxin)) 293–294, 345–346, 443 venoms (Aah venom), 80–81, 96–99, recombinant, 140–156 450, 459, 464–465 therapy, 74, 81, 165, 202, 208–212, Andrographis paniculata, 357 239, 268, 280, 294–295, 319–320, Anionic peptides, 314, 412, 417, 432 430–431 Antibacterial Apoptosis, 72, 74, 291, 335, 361, 403 activity, effect, 45, 363–364 Aquatic, 4–6, 8, 17, 352 peptide, toxin, 113, 116, 285, 289, 509 α-scorpion toxin (α-NaTx, α-NaScTx, α-type), Antibody(ies), 64, 76–82, 110, 115, 129–130, 66, 283, 314, 318, 332–334, 336–337, 134, 140–156, 162–172, 182, 203, 373, 416, 419, 429, 446–447, 450–459, 293–294, 330, 345, 430, 452, 456–457, 465, 472–487, 552 462, 535 A-type (K+) currents, 496, 513 antigen interaction, 113, 116 Autographa californica, 377 antigen recognition epitopes, 80, 115, 133 Autoimmune disease, 486, 518 fragment, format, 77–78, 80, 115, Average speed of a particle, 117 140–156, 164 Avogadro number, 117 libraries, 142–145 Anticancer (antileukemic, antineoplastic, antitumor) activity, 291, 361, B 384, 403–404 Barringtonia acutangula, 357 Antifungal, 45, 288–289 Basic proteins (peptides), 91, 99, 359, 373, 432 Antigen, 77, 79–80, 82, 131, 143–144, Belize, scorpions of, 215, 233–236 170, 172, 295 Bengalin, 352, 361–363 binding, 130–131, 141, 149 Binding sites presenting cells, 94, 99, 103 of scorpion toxins on insect neuronal Antigenic group. See Immunological group preparations, 405, 460–461 Antihistamines, in scorpion envenomation of scorpion toxins on potassium channels, treatment, 76, 209, 211, 236, 513–515, 517 248, 345 of scorpion toxins on rat brain Anti-inflammatory, 73–75, 92–94, 98, 103, synaptosomes, 452, 461–462, 464 267, 400–401, 422, 430 of scorpion toxins on voltage-gated sodium Antimicrobial channels, 404, 457, 463–465, activity, 261, 360, 363 477, 479–482 peptides (AMPs), 314, 363–364, Bioactive (components, constituents, peptides), 412, 417, 432, 509, 536–537, 328, 330, 352, 364 550, 552, 555 Bioavailability, 110, 123–124, 163, 485 Anti-osteoporosis activity, 352, 362–363 absolute, 110 Antiscorpion relative, 123–124 antiserum, 76, 208, 356, 452 Biodistribution. See Distribution, antivenin, antivenom, 123, 277 pharmacokinetic concept policies, 37 Biodiversity. See Diversity, of scorpions venom therapy (see Antivenom, therapy) Biogeography, 6–7, 10, 16–20, 173, Antivenom, 19, 76, 80, 163–164, 166, 414 182, 192 characteristics, 115–116 Biological functions, principal, 32 effectiveness, 77, 81, 110, 129–130, Biopanning, 143–145, 149–150, 153, 155 208, 211, 268, 274, 294–295 Biota, 16 neutralizing, 80, 146, 150–151, 163–164, β-KTx (scorpion toxin), 281, 289, 314, 394, 277, 345, 372 493, 495–496, 507–509, 552 Index 565 Black scorpion, Indian. See Heterometrus B. israelis, 186, 196 bengalensis B. martensii (see Mesobuthus martensii) Blood brain barrier, 68, 88, 133, 309, 413 B. occitanus, 12, 45, 47, 53, 56, 186, BmK scorpion venom 345, 455, 486 molecular interaction of neurotoxins with B. occitanus israelis, 536, 554, 556 receptors, 404–407, 453, 483 B. occitanus mardochei, 474, 477 pharmacological and pathological B. occitanus tunetanus, 65, 79, 81, 91, modulation, 90, 397–398 99, 455, 458, 461, 465, 473, 475 toxic constituents, 373, 386–397, 454, 474, Buthus tamulus. See Hottentotta, H. tamulus 477–478, 503, 505–507, 510, 536 Book lungs, 5, 28, 35 Bothriurus (scorpion), 312 C B. araguayae, 301, 310, 313, 315 Ca2+ (calcium) channel, 418, 486 B. asper, 301, 313 scorpion toxins affecting, 65–66, 163, 441, B. bonariensis, 301, 317–318 444, 548, 550, 552–553, 555 B. rochai, 313 Caraboctonidae, 27, 496, 537 B. sooretamensis, 313 Carboniferous, 5, 12, 352 Bradykinin, 72, 96, 101–102, 418, 431 Cardiac excitation-contraction, 402 Bradykinin-potentiating peptides (BPPs), electrophysiological basis of modulation, 412, 414, 416, 418, 431, 553, 555 402–403 Brazil Cardiovascular systems production of antivenom, 163, 240 collapse, 268 scorpionism in, 19–20, 150, 217, 299–320 disorders (disturbances, dysfunctions, scropion species of, 4, 12, 263, 299–320, effects, manifestations, problems, 411–412 symptoms), 64, 67–68, 70, 96, 196, 264, Bronchoconstriction, 69, 76, 90, 92, 95, 103 266–267, 278, 313, 346, 383–384, 403 β-scorpion toxin (βNaTx, βNaScTx, β-type) modulation, 402–403 (scorpion toxin), 66, 283, 286, 314, Catabolism, 45, 112, 122 332, 334, 416, 419, 429, 446, 459–465, Catecholamines, 64, 68–71, 75, 97, 101–102, 472–487, 552 196, 231, 369, 371–370, 421, 423 β-sheet, β-strand, 281, 282, 397, 422, 425, 447, Caves, scorpions living in, 8, 39, 44, 185 452, 495, 514, 548 cDNA, 143, 286–287, 332, 346, 360, 377, BtlTx3 (scorpion toxin), 370, 376 421, 427, 446, 449–451, 453, 457, ButaIT (scorpion toxin), 370, 376–378, 485 462, 494, 532–533 Buthacus (scorpion), 182 library, 263, 328, 330, 333, 339, 377–378, B. leptochelys, 183, 185, 192, 196, 198 415, 424, 446, 463, 533–539, 550, 554 B. macrocentrus, 328, 331, 336–337, Cenozoic, 7, 16, 18 343, 556 Centruroides (scorpion), 5, 29–30, 53, 55, Buthidae 65, 115, 146, 151–155, 162, 201, biology, behavior and ecology, 30, 42–44, 205, 215–220, 225–226, 228–229, 48, 50, 52–54 233–236, 238–239, 241, 247, 250–252, family, 5, 10, 12, 17, 19, 26–27, 64, 66, 257, 266, 268–269, 275, 300, 442, 446, 146, 182–184, 188, 196, 205–206, 448, 540 215–216, 218, 226, 230, 233, 247, 250, C. anchorellus, 223, 240 251, 264, 274, 300, 312, 327–328, C. balsasensis, 239 331, 333, 339, 346, 356, 384–386, C. bani, 240 412, 444, 446, 448, 537, 548, 550 C. barbudensis, 225, 229, 240 venoms, 66, 222, 433, 442, 448–450, C. bicolor, 234 459, 496 C. edwardsii, 215, 233–237, 240, 251–252, Buthus (scorpion), 65, 162, 182, 196–198, 257, 269 300, 442, 449, 540 C. elegans, 205, 239 B. amri, 183, 186, 196 C. exilicauda, 39, 240, 246, 264 B. atlantis,33 C. exilimanus, 234 566 Index Centruroides (scorpion) (cont.) Cn2 toxin (scorpion toxin), 80, 152–155, C. fallassisimus, 234 333, 475, 479 C. gracilis, 19, 53, 218, 223, 225–226, Collision-induced dissociation (CID), 557 234–235, 240, 249 Colombia C. granosus, 234, 238 scorpionism in, 151, 245–270 C. griseus, 218, 225–227 scorpion species in, 53, 115, 162–164, C. guanensis, 223, 225, 240 235, 237–238, 240, 245–270 C. hentzi, 223 Compartment, 119–120 C. infamatus infamauts, 205, 239 blood plasma, 119–120, 126 C. insulanus, 53, 218, 226 cellular, 429 C. koasteri, 234 central volume, 131 C. limbatus, 234, 238 extracellular, 127, 318 C. limpidus limpidus, 155, 205, 239–240 extravascular, 68, 77 C. mahnerti, 234 organs, tissues, 119–120, 126 C.