Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching Volume 6, Issue 1, March 2013 Publication of National University La Jolla, CA USA Editorial Board Dr. Jerry Lee, Executive Editor Dr. Peter Serdyukov, Editor-in-Chief Dr. Eileen Heveron, Member Dr. Robyn Hill, Member Dr. David Smith, Member Dr. Carl Boggs, Member Dr. Igor Subbotin, Member Dr. Mohammad Amin, Member Dr. C. Kalani Beyer, Pacific Oaks College, California, Member Dr. Hermann Maurer, University of Graz, Austria, Member Dr. Piet Kommers, University of Twente, The Netherlands, Member Review Board Dr. Patrick Papin, San Diego State University, California Dr. Dale Glaser, San Diego State University, California Dr. Eduardo Jesús Arismendi-Pardi, Obelus Educational Services, LLC, California Dr. Darrel J. Mitry, Norwich University, Vermont Dr. M. A. Alim, A & M University, Alabama Dr. Richard P. Long, Columbus State University, Ohio Dr. Sharon Bratt, Simon Fraser University, Canada Dr. Marcos Turqueti, Creative Electron, California Dr. Jacquline Spacek, District Superintendent (retired), California Dr. Susan Jindra, California State University, San Bernardino, California Dr. Cynthia Schubert-Irastorza, National University Dr. Dee Fabry, National University Dr. Ron Germaine, National University Dr. Jodi Reeves, National University Dr. Charles Tatum, National University Dr. Wayne Padover, National University and all members of the Editorial Board Copyright © 2013 National University All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976. ISSN 1947-1017 When referring to this publication, please use the following: Name, (2013), title. Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching, 6(1), pp. (use the online version pages) Table of Contents Editor’s Column .......................................................................................................................... iii General Issues................................................................................................................................ 1 R.D. Nordgren Pink’s “Motivation 3.0” and Student-Centered Schooling: Creating Life-Long Learners for the 21st Century ......................................................................... 2 Myrtice Irish, David Kurth, Nancy Falsetto, James Mbuva Investigating Corporate Research Culture and How It Might Be Adapted for Higher Education: A Pilot Study ................................................................................................................11 Ron Germaine, Gary Barton, and Terry Bustillos Program Review: Opportunity for Innovation and Change ......................................................... 27 Online and Hybrid Learning ..................................................................................................... 34 Joan Van Tassel and Joseph Schmitz Enhancing Learning in the Virtual Classroom ............................................................................. 35 Peter Serdyukov and Robyn A. Hill Flying with Clipped Wings: Are Students Independent in Online College Classes? ................... 52 Jan Richards and Cynthia Schubert-Irastorza Valuing Creativity in Online Teaching ......................................................................................... 66 Paul VanPortfliet and Michael Anderson Moving from Online to Hybrid Course Delivery: Increasing Positive Student Outcomes ........... 78 Instructional Methodology ......................................................................................................... 86 Michail Lysenko, Anatoliy Lutai, and Nataliya Serdyukova Interpretation of the Concept of Photon in College Physics Course ............................................ 87 Amber Lo and Velma Lee Direct Negative Experience as a Means of Effective Learning: An Exploratory Study ............... 97 Nelson Altamirano and James Jaurez Student Built Games in Economic Courses: Applying the Game Design Methodology as Another Approach to Deeper Learning ...................................................................................... 115 i Psychology ................................................................................................................................. 132 Jan S. Parker, Brenda L. Shook, Susan L. Williams-Quinlan Assessing Counseling Students’ Knowledge about Sexual Compulsivity: Implications for Training Curricula ...................................................................................................................... 133 Teacher Education .................................................................................................................... 147 Maureen Spelman and Ruth Rohlwing The Relationship between Professional Development and Teacher Learning: Three Illustrative Case Studies of Urban Teachers ................................................................................................. 148 Note to the Authors ................................................................................................................... 165 ii Editor’s Column We are offering to our readers the 6th issue of the Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching (JRIT), which was first published in 2008 by and for the faculty of National University, as well as scholars from outside of the institution, as a forum for publishing and sharing their research innovative teaching and learning. It is a double-peer reviewed journal distributed through NU website and by EBSCO. This year we launch a new, independent website which will make access to it easy and straightforward. National University’s mission is to make lifelong learning opportunities accessible, challenging and relevant to diverse populations. In accordance with this mission, the National University journal’s annual publication is an important benchmark in the University’s maturity. Teaching, research and scholarship are interrelated; evidence shows that research enriches teaching and is capable of significantly improving student learning outcomes. This journal is an annual multidisciplinary peer-reviewed publication of original research focused on new effective instructional approaches, methods and tools. It is intended to produce momentum to increase efficiency of learning and ensure better learning outcomes for our students. The Journal is a forum to share faculty research and scholarship, which will ultimately benefit both the university academic community and students at large. The Editorial Board is composed of top scholars and administrators from National University and several internationally acclaimed scholars. The Review Board includes both internal and external reviewers. This volume offers 12 articles on different topics. Among the authors you will find National university faculty, joint authorship of the University researchers with outside scholars, US researchers from outside the University and international writers. All publications have been conditionally assigned in the following sections: - General Issues - Psychology - Online and Hybrid Learning - Instructional Methodology - Teacher Education The first section, General Issues, of the current issue opens with a persuasive article by R.D. Nordgren, Finding Common Ground in School Reform: The “Soft Skills” Shared by Human Capital Theory and Critical Theory In this article, the author uses Pink’s principles of autonomy, master, and purpose to examine education reform and its impact on school leaders. Intrinsic motivation, according to Pink (2009), is a key to success in the 21st century/global economy and society, and Pink’s motivation 3.0 must replace the Industrial-Age relic of Motivation 2.0 in our schools, as well as in our workplaces. The author argues it is crucial for educators to ensure that our schools are purposeful in order to foster mastery. In the second article, A Case Study Regarding the Purpose and Process of Public Schooling and Possible Indoctrination of Education Students, Myrtice Irish, David Kurth, Nancy Falsetto, and James Mbuva determine whether university faculty perceive that accepted models of corporate research would be effective when applied in educational research. The study’s findings indicate that a collaborative approach often provides a more powerful model for effective research than does an individual approach. Ron Germaine, Gary Barton, and Terry Bustillos in their article Program Review: Opportunity for Innovation and Change discuss program review as the procedure which gathers iii and analyzes assessment data the purpose of which is to ensure program’s educational effectiveness. They describe the process of program review at a large university in California, and report examples of innovative change and improvement change that came about as the program review result. The second section, Online and Hybrid Learning, offers four articles. Joan Van Tassel and Joseph Schmitz write about Enhancing Learning in the Virtual Classroom. The authors found that meeting adult students’ communication expectations and employing shared student- instructor locus of instructional control led to much higher student interaction satisfaction and student ratings of overall learning. Results of their study indicate that universities could improve educational outcomes by (a) facilitating shared student-instructor locus of instructional control, (b) helping instructors co-create students’ interaction expectations,