Index Abarquh 181 Abu Bakr (first caliph, r. 632–34) Soneri Mosque, Bara Imam Kotla Abbasid (dynasty, r. 750–1258) 88 92, 107 complex 118–20 caliph 101, 103 n 41, 243 Abu Bakr b. Ibrahim b. Tifilwit Āʾīn-i Akbarī (Institutes of Akbar), of caliphate 30, 32, 33, 39, 116 (Almoravid governor) 41, 43 Abu al-Fazl 148, 148 n 2, 149 n 3, shadow caliphate 116 Abu Madyan (saint) 45, 45 n 77 154 n 18, 160, 167 n 51 ʿAbd Allah b. Fath Allah al- Abu Muhammad ʿAbd al-Haqq b. Āʾīn-i taṣvīr-khāna (Institute of the Baghdadi 182 n 21. See also ʿAbd Allah b. Muʿishah al-Kinani Painting Worskhop), section of Taʾrīkh al-ghiyāthī (qadi) 39 Āʾīn-i Akbarī 148 n 2, 174 ʿAbd al-Karim al-Khvarazmi Abu Saʿid (Timurid ruler, Ajmer 127 n 2 (calligrapher, also known as r. 1452–69) 181, 182, 197, shrine of Muʿin al-Din Padishah) 188 197 n 53, 214 Chishti 138 n 16 ʿAbd al-Muʾmin (Almohad ruler, Acquitaine 53 Akbar (Mughal ruler, r. 1556–1605) r. 1130–63) 25, 36 ʿAdil Shahs of Bijapur 110 xviii, 116, 148, 152, 154, 157, 159, 160, ʿAbd al-Rahim al-Haravi Afaqis 115 162 n 37, 164, 165, 167, 167 n 51, 171, (calligrapher) 163, 163 n 41, 165, Afghanistan 176 172, 174 165 n 48, 172 Aftab Mahal 133 albums of 167 n 52 ʿAbd al-Rahim Khan-i Afzal (artist) 161 n 34 atelier of 161, 163 n 41 Khanan 163 n 41, 171 n 64 d’Agen, Bernard 53 edict (maẓhar) 116 ʿAbd al-Rahim al-Khvarazmi agency 89–90, 258 illiteracy 165 n 49 (calligrapher, also known as Agha Daʾud (spiritual leader) 144 ʿAlaʾ al-Dawla (Timurid prince, Anisi) 175, 176, 188 Agra 171 n 62 1417–60) 178, 178 n 8, 181, 187, 217, ʿAbd al-Rahman Jami (poet, 1414–92) Ahl al-bayt. See “Family of the 217 n 76 157 n 25, 171 n 64, 189 n 43. See also Prophet” ʿAlaʾ al-Din Khilji 111 Haft awrang; Panj ganj Ahmad Lur 192 n 44 Albacete 18 ʿAbd al-Rahman al-Khvarazmi Ahmad Nizam Shah i (r. 1490– albums (sing. muraqqaʿ, pl. (calligrapher) 185, 188, 197, 1510) 109–111, 125 muraqqaʿāt): hilye albums 214, 214 n 71, 219 Ahmadnagar xviii, 109–13, 119–20, (Ottoman) 227, ʿAbd al-Samad (artist, ca. 1505/15–ca. 122, 123–26 227 n 21, 228, 230, 231 1600–5) 151, 151 n 7 “Baghdad” palace 111 n 9 Mughal 148, 149, 152 n 9, 167 n 52 Abdullah Frères 255, 255 n 18 Burud ʿAli 123 Safavid 215 n 72 Abdülhamid II (Ottoman sultan, city plan 112 Timurid 202 n 55 r. 1876–1909) 93, 254, 254 n 14 city wards 113 Turkmen/Ottoman 182 n 20, abjad (alphanumerical Farah Bakhsh Bagh 111 183 n 31, 184 n 32, 188 n 43, computation) 244 Fayz Bakhsh Bagh 111 214 n 70. See also photography “Abode of Felicity” xviii, 250–51, fort (qalʿa) 109, 111 Alcazar. See Seville 251 n 2, 259. See also foundation of 111 Aleppo 92, 96, 97 Constantinople Hasht Bihisht Bagh 111 Mashhad al-Muhassin (Mashhad Abu al-Fazl (Mughal courtier, Husseini Mosque 122 al-Dikka) 90, 92, 92 n 14, 95–96, 1551–1602) 148–49, 149 n 3, idgah (ʿīdgāh) 118 n 19 96 n 23, 96 n 24, 97–100, 105, 107 154 n 18, 163. See also Āʾīn-i Kali (or Burud) Mosque 109, Mashhad al-Husayn 90, 92, Akbarī; ʿIyār-i dānish 123–24 92 n 14, 100–107 Abu al-Hasan ʿAli b. ʿAbd al-Rahman Kamani Mosque 109, 116, Mongol capture 98 b. ʿAli (qadi) 39 122–23 mosques 97 n 28 Abu al-Qasim (author of treatise on kingdom of 109, 111, 115 n 15, 116, Alfonso I (“El Batallador,” king of ceramics) 83 120 Aragón and Navarre) 41 Abu al-Qasim Babur (Timurid ruler, Manik Chowk 122 Alfonso V (king of Léon) 55 r. 1447–57) 176, 178, 178 n 11, 181, Niʿmat Khani complex 111 Alfonso VI (king of León, Castile, and 187, 204 n 58 palaces 110, 111 Galicia) 52 Abu ʿAyyub al-Ansari (standard Qasim Khan Mosque 109, Alfonso VII (king of Galicia, León, and bearer of the Prophet 118, 124 Castile) 53, 55 Muhammad) 252 Shah Tahir’s palace 111 Algiers, Great Mosque 23 298 Index Alhambra, Granada xvii, 1, 2–4, 8, Almoravid (dynasty, r. 1040–1147) 22, archaeologist 19 20, 28 n 16 25, 25 n 10, 26, 26 n 12, 27, 27 n 12, archaeology viii, ix, xii, xv, 4, 8, 17, Church of Santa Maria 4 28 n 18, 30–43, 43 n 73, 18, 19, 19 n 39, 20, 69 Comares Palace (including the 44, 47, 53, 55 arches 3, 13, 22, 23, 26, 90, 93, 103, Court of the Myrtles and Hall of altar frontals (sing. antependium, 120, 130, 133 the Ambassadors) 2, 3, 6, pl. antependia) 57, 60 “bangladar” style 133 9–10, 30 n 29 Amicis, Edmondo de 6 n 10 European 133 n 8 conservation of 9, 16, 18 Amir Akbarwala. See Asman Jah flying 118, 118 n 19, 120, 123 Convento de San Francisco 18 Amir Hasan Dihlavi (poet, Mughal ogee 129, 133 Harem patio 18 d. 1328) 165. See also Dīvān Palladian 129, 132, 133 Mexuar 9 Amir Khusraw Dihlavi (poet, 1253– architect 110 Palace of Charles v 1–2, 4, 19 1325) 188 n 42, 201, 213–14. Davut Ağa 263 Palace of the Lions (including Court See also Dīvān; Khamsa Mehmet Ağa 268 of the Lions, Hall of the Amir Mahmud b. Yamin (poet) 197, Helmet Conu 257 Abencerrajes, and Hall of the 197 n 52, 201–202, 214, 220. See Jean Claude Nicolas Forestier 19 Two Sisters) 2, 3, 4, 6, 9–16, also Muqaṭṭaʿāt Manuel Gómez-Moreno 18 16 n 33, 17, 19 Amir Shahi (poet, also known as Aq August Jachmund 257 Partal Palace (including Torre de las Malik) 179 n 13. See also Dīvān Otto Ritter 257 Damas and Torre del Amman 97 n 27 Vedat Tek 256 Mihrab) 3, 5, 7, 9, 17–18 analogy 31, 36, 216, 232, 247 Leopoldo Torres Balbás 19 Patronato de la Alhambra 16 n 33, Anant (artist) 163–64 Alexandre Vallaury 256, 257 17 Anas b. Malik 223 Viollet-le-Duc 19 Sabika hill 1 Anatolia 44, 181 architecture: Aga Khan Award for Torre de la Peinador de la Reina 5 al-Andalus xvii, 18, 19 n 39, 26, Architecture xiii, xiv, xix visitors to 6 n 7 27, 27 n 12, 29, 33, 37, 40, 45 n 78, Almoravid 27 ʿAli al-Hadi 106 50, 59, 64 Andalusian 20 ʿAli b. Abi Talib (fourth caliph Andalusi/Andalusian xvii, 15, 16, Ayyubid 32, 103 [r. 656–61]; first Shiʿi imam) 179, 20, 26, 26n 11, 26 n 12, 27, 28, conservation xv, 8, 9, 16, 17, 19, 225. See also Miʾa kalīmāt 28 n 12, 29, 32, 34, 36, 38, 39 n 60, 19 n 38, 20 ʿAli b. Mubarak al-Fahraji 40, 41, 44, 45, 46 n 2, 50, 51 n 19, 52, European 18 (calligrapher) 159 59 n 55, 64 Fatimid 32, 88, 92 ʿAli b. Yusuf b. Tashufin (Almoravid Al-Andalus (journal) 19, 19 n 39 Hispano-Islamic 19 ruler, r. 1107–42) 25, 34 Andersen, Hans Christian 6 Islamic ix, xii, xii n 9, xiv, xv, ʿAli Farsi Barlas (amir) 218 Anisi. See ʿAbd al-Rahim al-Khvarazmi xvii, xix, 8, 18, 19, 22, 29, 34, ʿAli Shir Navaʾi (Timurid statesman antependium (pl. antependia). See 90, 96 and man of letters, 1441–1501) altar frontal Maghribi 20 185 n 35, 218. See also Khamsa anthropomorphic/anthropomor- mudéjar (Islamic style) 16 ʿAli Zayn al-ʿAbidin (fourth Shiʿi imam, phism/anthropomorphists 35, Mughal 115 n 15 d. 712) 106 36, 37, 38, 94 Nasrid xvii Alicante 18 Apt, Veil of Saint Anne 54 Ottoman 226 n 14 ʿAlids 92, 100 Aqa Riza (artist) 171 n 61 Qaraqoyunlu 181 n 15, 186 n 38 holy sites 90 Aqqoyunlu (White Sheep, Turkmen regional x saints 90, 92, 100 confederation, r. 1378–1501) 176, renovation/restoration 15, 18 shrines 98, 100, 101 176 n 2, 177 n 3, 177 n 5, 178, 178 n 11, Safavid 116, 126 Aligarh College 137 183, 184 n 32, 188, 188 n 43, 204, South Asia xviii Aljafería palace. See Zaragoza 204 n 60, 212, 214, 218 surveys 100. See also arches; Allahabad 165, 167, 171, 171 n 62 arabesque (vegetal scroll motif) 69, caravanserais; cathedrals; court 171, 171 n 61, 171 n 63 180 n 13, 187, 194 n 47, 201, 203 n 57, churches; columns; courtyard; Khusraw Bagh 171 204, 213 dome; gardens; girih; Allied Forces 250 Arabic x, 9, 52, 69, 71, 72, 90, 149 n 4, minaret; minbar; mosque; Allied occupation 258, 278 153 n 13, 154 n 16, 179 n 13, 224, 225, muqarnas; naqār-khāna; Almería 51, 55 225 n 13, 227, 247 qubba; shrines; spolia; Almohad (dynasty, r. 1121–1269) 25, Aragón 47, 50 n 15, 55 squinch; and names of cities 26 n 12, 27, 27 n 13, 29, 29 n 19, 32, Archaeological museum. See and sites 35–38, 40, 42–44, 45 n 77 Constantinople Aristotelian 38, 41.