SPACE POLICY, ISSUES AND TRENDS IN 2006/2007 Report 6, September 2007 Nicolas Peter, ESPI This Report “Space Policy, Issues and Trends in 2006/2007” is contained as Annex to the document ESA/C(2007)127 entitled “The European Space Sector in the Global Context – ESA Annual Analysis 2006-2007”, which was prepared for the ESA Council meeting on 2 October 2007. Short Title: ESPI Report 6, September 2007 Editor, Publisher: ESPI European Space Policy Institute A-1030 Vienna, Schwarzenbergplatz 6 Austria http://www.espi.or.at Tel.: +43 1 718 11 18 - 0 Fax - 99 Copyright: ESPI, September 2007 This report was funded, in part, through a contract with the EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY (ESA). Rights reserved - No part of this report may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or for any purpose without permission from ESPI. Citations and extracts to be published by other means are subject to mentioning “source: ESPI Report 6, September 2007. All rights reserved” and sample transmission to ESPI before publishing. Printed by ESA/ESTEC Layout Design: M. A. Jakob/ESPI and Panthera.cc Report 6, September 2007 2 Space Policy, Issues and Trends in 2006/2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 6 Background ....................................................................................................................... 6 Objectives of this Study ...................................................................................................... 6 Approach taken by the study ...............................................................................................6 1. GLOBAL POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC TRENDS ............................................................... 7 1.1. The global economic outlook .........................................................................................7 1.2. Political developments .................................................................................................. 7 1.3. Major scientific events .................................................................................................. 8 1.4. Selected focus .............................................................................................................9 Europe in 2006/07 ..........................................................................................................9 United States in 2006/07 ............................................................................................... 10 Russia in 2006/07......................................................................................................... 10 Japan in 2006/07 ......................................................................................................... 10 China in 2006/07 .......................................................................................................... 11 India in 2006/07 .......................................................................................................... 11 2. GLOBAL SPACE SECTOR SIZE AND DEVELOPMENTS .................................................... 13 2.1. Global space budgets and revenues .............................................................................. 13 2.2.Overview of institutional space budgets ......................................................................... 14 2.3. Overview of commercial space markets ......................................................................... 20 Satellite services .......................................................................................................... 21 Digital Broadcast Services (DBS) .................................................................................... 22 Fixed Satellite Services (FSS) ......................................................................................... 23 Mobile Satellite Services (MSS) ....................................................................................... 24 Satellite manufacturing ................................................................................................. 24 Launching sector .......................................................................................................... 25 Ground equipment ........................................................................................................ 26 Emerging markets ........................................................................................................ 26 3. GLOBAL SPACE POLICIES AND STRATEGIES ............................................................... 27 3.1. Europe ..................................................................................................................... 28 3.2. European Space Agency .............................................................................................. 28 3.3. European Union ......................................................................................................... 31 3.4. Eumetsat .................................................................................................................. 33 3.5. National governments ................................................................................................ 34 France ........................................................................................................................ 34 Germany ..................................................................................................................... 34 Italy ........................................................................................................................... 35 United Kingdom ........................................................................................................... 35 European Space Policy Institute 3 Report 6, September 2007 3.6. United States ............................................................................................................ 36 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) ...................................................... 37 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) .................................................. 38 Departement of Defense (DoD) ...................................................................................... 38 3.7. Russia ...................................................................................................................... 39 3.8. Japan ....................................................................................................................... 41 3.9. China ....................................................................................................................... 42 3.10. India ...................................................................................................................... 44 3.11. Emerging space powers ............................................................................................ 46 3.12. International sectoral comparisons ............................................................................. 47 Launching sector .......................................................................................................... 47 Missions launched ......................................................................................................... 49 Overall assessment ....................................................................................................... 51 4. EUROPEAN INSTITUTIONAL MARKET ......................................................................... 52 4.1. European institutional market ...................................................................................... 53 4.2. Civilian space expenditure ........................................................................................... 53 4.3. European Space Agency .............................................................................................. 54 4.4. National agencies....................................................................................................... 55 France ........................................................................................................................ 56 Germany ..................................................................................................................... 56 Italy ........................................................................................................................... 56 United Kingdom ........................................................................................................... 58 4.5. Eumetsat .................................................................................................................. 58 4.6. European Union ......................................................................................................... 58 4.7. Security-related space expenditures ............................................................................. 59 4.8. The institutional market and its impact on the industrial base ........................................... 59 5. SPACE INDUSTRY EVOLUTION .................................................................................... 62 5.1. Industrial evolution in Europe ...................................................................................... 62 5.2. Industrial evolution in the United States ........................................................................ 63 5.3. Industrial evolution in Russia ......................................................................................