Cheap Books and US Culture A thesis submitted by Andrew Colati In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History TUFTS UNIVERSITY May 2011 ADVISOR: Professor Reed Ueda Abstract This thesis examines the cheap library movement of the late 19th century and the paperback revolution of the 1950s and the impact of these eras on print culture. In doing so it discusses similarities and differences between the two movements and makes connections to the current electronic revolution in publishing. ii Acknowledgements I want to thank my parents, Greg Colati and Maureen Johnston, for their continued support of my academic pursuits. I want to thank my brother, Scott Colati, who patiently listened to hours of phone conversations on esoteric historical topics. I also want to thank Molly Palmer, Dave Starr, Tim Mudie, Andy Stevenson, Laura Cutter, James Schmidt, Dan Modini, Bidiak Amana, Anne Sauer, and all my friends and loved ones who helped me along with this process. Finally I would like to thank my thesis committee, Professor Virginia Jackson, Professor Steve Cohen, and of course my adviser Professor Reed Ueda, who helped me craft my ideas into a comprehensible paper. Thank you everyone. iii Table of Contents INTRODUCTION V CHEAP EDITIONS IN THE UNITED STATES V CLASS DIVISIONS AND HIGH ART XI CHAPTER 1 1 STEAM POWER AND THE CYLINDRICAL PRINTING PRESS 2 DISTRIBUTION 4 THE OLD BOOKSELLER AND BUYER 7 CHEAP AND PORTABLE 10 MODERN PAPERBACKS 14 LURID COVERS OF THE 1950S PAPERBACK 16 CONCLUSION 19 CHAPTER 2 21 “CHEAP” AND CHEAP 24 ORIGINAL CONTENT 25 CRITICS 31 REPRINTS, COPYRIGHT, AND THE LEGISLATION OF LITERARY ACCESS 34 CONCLUSION 41 CHAPTER 3 44 PAPERBACK ORIGINALS OF THE 1950S AND THEIR OBSCENE SUBJECT MATTER 47 NEW AMERICAN LIBRARY, AND PAPERBACK REPRINTS 51 CRITICS 57 THE LASTING IMPACT 63 THE ELECTRONIC REVOLUTION 64 BIBLIOGRAPHY 68 iv Introduction Cheap Editions in the United States On June 19, 1939, a company called Pocket Book published their first ten paperback books, beginning the modern wave of softcover book publishing in the United States. At the outset, these books were distributed solely in New York City, however, this phenomenon would, after World War Two quickly expand to bookstores, department stores and magazine racks across the country. Initially sold for just twenty-five cents, the paperback book became hugely popular amid the expanding middle class of post-war America. The paperback revolution, as it would come to be called, represented a lasting change in the philosophy of publishing and book consumption; however, it was hardly the first movement of its type. Scholars note that the paperback revolution of the 1950s, in fact, signifies the third wave of paperback publishing in the United States.1 The first instance of mass publication of inexpensive paperbacks or softcover books came in the period before the Civil War. By the end of the 1840s, publisher Erastus Beadle had become the name synonymous with inexpensive book editions, inaugurating the era of the “Dime Novel.” Much as Pocket Books and the modern paperback movement would not reach its apex until after World War Two, the Dime Novel would similarly not fully achieve success until after the Civil War. The Dime Novel or Cheap Library dominated the inexpensive publishing world from the 1870s to the 1890s, ushering in an explosion of domestic fiction 1 John Tebbel, A History of Book Publishing in the United States: The Creation of an Industry 1630-1865, Vol. 1, 4 vols. (New York City, New York: R.R. Bowker, 1972), 240. v writing. Cheap edition publishers emerged from the periodical industry and began to emulate Beadle, producing inexpensive books at a massive scale. In order to maintain the supply of material, these publishing houses employed domestic writers to produce genre fiction in a manner that included the efficiency of an industrial assembly line.2 Beyond this formulaic production, many of the new cheap publishers engaged in the reprinting of successful hardcover books. These reprints were exceptionally popular, as prices of “legitimate” trade books had soared following the Civil War. The cheap reprints were sold at a price nearly half the cost of their larger, more decorated counterparts.3 At a time before copyright laws, these printings were technically legal, however, the passing of the Platt-Simons Bill in 1891 guaranteed copyright rights to both foreign and domestic writers. By the end of the decade the pirated reprints had been eradicated from the publishing world. Having come to an increasing reliance on illegal reprints, many cheap publishers closed their doors and by 1893 publishing journals were proclaiming the end of the Dime Novel.4 The cheap paperback began its comeback in the early 20th century. While it wouldn’t be until 1939 that we would see a large scale publishing house dedicated to this medium, the phenomenon of Little Blue Books is representative of the modern precursor to the revolution of the 1950s. Begun in 1919 by Emanuel Julius and his wife, Marcet Haldeman, Little Blue Books were small, cheaply produced 2 E. W. Bok, "Literary Factories," Publishers Weekly, August 13, 1892: 11. 3 John Tebbel, A History of Book Publishing in the United States: The Expansion of an Industry 1865- 1919, Vol. 2, 4 vols. (New York City, New York: R.R. Bowker, 1975), 483. 4 John Tebbel, A History of Book Publishing in the United States: The Expansion of an Industry 1865- 1919, Vol. 2, 4 vols. (New York City, New York: R.R. Bowker, 1975), 488. vi books sold through mail order for a nickel apiece. Julius, a socialist, began his career in publishing by purchasing the socialist newspaper Appeal to Reason with funding from his wife Marcet, a niece of Jane Addams and, ironically, a bank manager. Together they took out advertisements in newspapers with a list of available books. Beginning with socialist propaganda and moving into reprints of intellectual classics that had fallen into the public domain, Little Blue Books flourished as a business. Due in part to the inherited wealth of Julius’ wife, they were able to keep costs low and survive the Great Depression. It is estimated that by the time Julius died in 1951, he had sold 300 million Little Blue Books.5 In 1939 Pocket Books achieved nearly instantaneous success. Popularity for these types of books was steady even through World War Two. During the Civil War Beadle’s Dime Novels were coveted by soldiers, and Pocket Books, too, found success in this market, often unable to meet demand. Even before World War Two, the US market received interest from overseas publishers. New American Library began its life as the American branch of the British Company, Penguin Books. Allen Lane, the founder of Penguin Books (established in 1935), expanded to the United States in 1939 and was initially the sole paperback competition to Pocket Books. The American branch was initially in the hands of Ian Ballantine. Lane discovered Ballantine when he was a student at the London School of Economics, where Ballantine had written his thesis on the feasibility of the reprint paperback business. Due to Ballantine’s relative inexperience in business, Lane hired Kurt Enoch in 1942. Enoch, a highly educated businessman, was a German Jewish refugee living in the 5 John Tebbel, A History of Book Publishing in the United States: The Golden Age Between Two Wars 1920-1940, Vol. 3, 4 vols. (New York City, New York: R.R. Bowker Company, 1978), 205-209. vii United States. Before fleeing Nazism, he had run a successful family-owned publishing company. Enoch’s reputation as a successful publisher followed him to England where he worked for a number of years before moving to the United States. While Lane was confident in the direction of his new American enterprise, it would not be long before tensions between Enoch and Ballantine led to a change of leadership. Ballantine and Enoch ran Penguin America for only three years. Ballantine left the company in 1945 due to differing conception of the future of the company, “Ballantine was not convinced, as Enoch was, that Penguin should undertake a peacetime publishing program with an accent on literary fiction and educational or informational nonfiction.”6 Reinforcing the direction set forth by Enoch, Lane brought in a new editor, Victor Weybright. Weybright came from a wealthy family and grew in a wealthy suburb of Washington D.C. As a result of his family’s financial position, he was able to live something of a cosmopolitan lifestyle holding volunteer positions at Hull House and traveling extensively in Europe. This sort of intellectual freedom contributed to Weybright’s fascination with creative cultural pursuits. Weybright began the scholarly Pelican branch of Penguin America. Enoch and Weybright would disagree about a number of things during their joint tenure at Penguin/New American Library; however, they were able to always agree on and produce quality literature and non-fiction. As a multitude of paperback book companies sprung up in the United States focused on the most basic formulaic 6 John Tebbel, Between Covers: The Rise and Transformation of Book Publishing in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 428. viii fiction, Enoch and Weybright always found a way to incorporate highbrow offerings among their publication lists. Under Weybright’s direction, the editorial staff at Penguin America grew to incorporate a handful of academics and literature connoisseurs all operating with the same philosophy of literary integrity amid the influx of cheap fiction. In 1948, just three years after Weybright joined Penguin, Enoch and Weybright purchased the company from Allen Lane and renamed it to New American Library. The combination of Enoch’s business prowess and Weybright’s editorial guidance thrust New American Library to the forefront of the paperback publishing industry.