CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE OF NATURAL RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT OF PHUTAI TRIBE By Mr. Isara In-ya A Thesis Submitted in Partial of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism International Program Graduate School, Silpakorn University Academic Year 2014 Copyright of Graduate School, Silpakorn University CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE OF NATURAL RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT OF PHUTAI TRIBE By Mr. Isara In-ya A Thesis Submitted in Partial of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism International Program Graduate School, Silpakorn University Academic Year 2014 Copyright of Graduate School, Silpakorn University The Graduate School, Silpakorn University has approved and accredited the Thesis title of “Cultural landscape and Indigenous Knowledge of Natural Resource and Environment Management of Phutai Tribe” submitted by Mr.Isara In-ya as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism. …………………………………………………………... (Associate Professor Panjai Tantatsanawong, Ph.D.) Dean of Graduate School ……..……./………..…./…..………. The Thesis Advisor Professor Ken Taylor The Thesis Examination Committee …………………………………………Chairman (Associate Professor Chaiyasit Dankittikul, Ph.D.) …………../...................../................. …………………………………………Member (Emeritus Professor Ornsiri Panin) …………../...................../................. …………………………………………Member (Professor Ken Taylor) …………../...................../................. 52056952: MAJOR: ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND TOURISM KEY WORD: CULTURAL LANDSCAPE/ PHUTAI TRIBE / INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE / NATURAL RESOURCES / ENVIRONMENT/ MANAGEMNT ISARA IN-YA: CULTURAL LANDSCAPE AND INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE OF NATURAL RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT OF PHUTAI TRIBE THESIS ADVISOR: PROFESSOR EMERITUS KEN TAYLOR, 301 pp. The study on Cultural landscape and indigenous knowledge of natural resource and environment management of Phutai tribe, is focusing on cultural landscape and intangible heritage which related with knowledge of natural and environment management of Phutai people of KogpaziCommunity, Kuchinarai District, Kalasin Province, Thailand. The cultural landscape of the research site is occurring under the influences of three factors of climate, topography, and natural resource. The climate is hot and dry and natural resource is limited cause by lack of water and geography of high plateau land. These influences Phutai to create sets of wisdom to utilize for maximum benefit and sustainability The cultural landscape of the site can be divided into four zones under the concept of Baan-Na-Pa-Nam or Home-Farm-Forest-Water resource. It was found that the knowledge and wisdom of Phutai in each zone can be summarized as follows; Zone of Baan, the wisdom is under the philosophy to create “peaceful coexisting” under concept of “living together by respect” and controlled by the tradition of “heed sib song”, “Kong sib si”, and Phutai traditional social inter-relationship. Zone of Na, the knowledge and wisdom is under the philosophy of ‘balancing of utilization by love’ that controled by their belief of Pha Mea Tolani (The mother earth) and her network of gods. Zone of Pa, the knowledge and wisdom is under the philosophy to create “respectful to consume and conserve” and controlled by Phutai belief of Don-Poo-Ta that the forest and mountain which is the sacred area where their ancestor’s soul being. Zone of Nam, is the “mixture of the sets of Phutai knowledge and wisdom” that Kogpazi Community apply their Phutai belief in supernatural, regulation, and management to produce the sustainable consumption and utilization of water resources. Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism Graduate School, Silpakorn University Student’s signature……………………………………………… Academic year 2014 Thesis Adviser’s signature……………………………………… iii Acknowledgement The success of this research project can be attributed to the extensive support and assistance from my adviser, Emeritus Professor Ken Taylor, Humanities Research Center, The Australian National University, Canberra who always gave me a lot of valuable knowledge, supervise, and kindness to me. Without him my research would not be completed. I would like to thank. Mr. Daniel Kwesi Wobil and Dr.Thayuth Tewabootra, my friends who spent their time to help me in this work. I would like to thank all the villagers of Kogpazi Community of their sincerely cooperation and assistances. I would like to thank my henchmen who are my survey research team; they are Mr. Nakarin Sangnikul, Mr. Phadungpong Prikeaw, and Mr. Nuttapol In-ya. I am grateful to all lecturers, oversea professors and staff of the International Program in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism for their valuable knowledge. Finally, I am grateful to my family, Mr. Pipat and Mrs.Kingkeaw In-Ya, my parent, Dr. Pitsamai In-ya, M.D. and Kokkearkingkwan (Geaw), my wife and my daughter, they are understand me and always gave me the love and encouragement, without you all, I would not be here. iv Table of Content Page Abstract ........................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgment .......................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................ ix List of Figures .............................................................................................................. x Chapter 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 Statement and Significance of Problem ................................................ 1 Goal and Objective ................................................................................ 5 Scope of Study ...................................................................................... 5 Research Methodology .......................................................................... 7 Process of Study ................................................................................... 8 Source of Data ....................................................................................... 9 Presentation Form ................................................................................. 9 2 Literature Review ........................................................................................... 10 Community ............................................................................................. 10 Culture.. ................................................................................................. 20 Community and Culture ......................................................................... 32 Community Cultural Base Development ............................................... 33 Cultural Landscape ................................................................................ 37 Natural Resource and Environment ...................................................... 47 Community Natural Resource and Environment Management ............ 51 Engaging Local Communities in Stewardship of World Heritage ........ 53 3 Phutai Tribe in Thailand and Their Culture .................................................... 61 Northeastern Region of Thailand (Isarn) .............................................. 61 Introduction to Isarn Region .......................................................... 61 History of Isarn Region .................................................................. 63 Geography of Isarn Region ........................................................... 65 Climate and Weather of Isarn Region .......................................... 70 Natural Resources of Isarn Region ............................................... 72 Economy of Isarn ........................................................................... 76 Education ....................................................................................... 79 v Chapter Page Demography .................................................................................. 80 Isarn Culture .................................................................................. 81 Religion .......................................................................................... 85 Thaification ..................................................................................... 85 Phutai Tribe in Thailand ........................................................................ 85 Introduction to Phutai Tribe ........................................................... 85 History of Phutai ............................................................................ 90 Phutai Language ............................................................................ 97 Phutai Cuisine ................................................................................ 101 Phutai Clothing and Weaving Craft ............................................... 104 Phutai Art and Culture Performance ............................................. 106 Phutai Traditional Architecture ...................................................... 111 Phutai Way of Life in Thailand ...................................................... 115 Phutai Religion and Belief ............................................................