Exploring Digital Libraries www.alastore.ala.org Foundations, Practice, Prospects KAREN CALHOUN www.alastore.ala.org Exploring Digital Libraries Foundations, Practice, Prospects KAREN CALHOUN Chicago • 2014 www.alastore.ala.org © 2014 Karen Calhoun First published in the United Kingdom by Facet Publishing, 2014. This simultaneous U.S. Edition published by Neal-Schuman, an imprint of the American Library Association, 2014. 18 17 16 15 14 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN: 978-1-55570-985-3 (paper) www.alastore.ala.org Calhoun Digital libraries TEXT PROOF 09 09/12/2013 16:04 Page v Contents list of figures and tables..........................................................................ix preface .....................................................................................................xi acknowledgements ................................................................................xv glossary .................................................................................................xix 1 Emergence and definitions of digital libraries ..................................1 Overview...............................................................................................................................1 The emergence of digital libraries (1991–2001) .....................................................1 Early digital-library projects.........................................................................................15 Definitions of digital libraries......................................................................................18 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................26 2 outcomes of digital libraries’ first decade ......................................27 Overview.............................................................................................................................27 A new field of research and practice ........................................................................28 The transformation of scholarly communication processes............................32 Technical innovations ....................................................................................................36 Digitization and digital preservation........................................................................42 Metadata and standards...............................................................................................48 Working digital libraries................................................................................................51 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................52 References to websites in Table 2.1...........................................................................52 www.alastore.ala.org Calhoun Digital libraries TEXT PROOF 09 09/12/2013 16:04 Page vi VI ExplORIng DIgITAl lIbRARIEs 3 Key themes and challenges in digital libraries................................59 Overview.............................................................................................................................59 The key themes of digital library work ....................................................................59 Key challenges..................................................................................................................65 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................84 4 Digital library collections: repositories...........................................85 Overview.............................................................................................................................85 The traditional library worldview ..............................................................................85 Repositories, libraries and the web...........................................................................87 The evolution of digital library repositories...........................................................89 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................109 5 Hybrid libraries .............................................................................111 Overview..........................................................................................................................111 Changing information-seeking behaviors...........................................................111 libraries’ response: changing hybrid library collections.................................116 Changing technologies for hybrid libraries.........................................................123 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................135 6 social roles of digital libraries.......................................................139 Overview..........................................................................................................................139 Introduction....................................................................................................................139 Foundations of digital libraries’ social roles.........................................................142 A possible framework of social roles......................................................................144 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................157 7 Digital libraries and their communities ........................................159 Overview..........................................................................................................................159 Approach..........................................................................................................................159 successful, sustainable digital libraries.................................................................159 Inception: purpose and focus...................................................................................162 Inception: branding and awareness.......................................................................163 Creation: community and needs orientation......................................................165 Creation: user-centered design, ease of use and reliability...........................169 growth: quality content..............................................................................................171 Maturity: funding and sustainability......................................................................171 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................176 www.alastore.ala.org Calhoun Digital libraries TEXT PROOF 09 09/12/2013 16:04 Page vii COnTEnTs VII 8 the prospects of open access repositories....................................179 Overview..........................................................................................................................179 successful subject-based repositories ..................................................................179 The value of institutional repositories...................................................................180 The policy and legal frameworks ............................................................................186 Deposit mandates.........................................................................................................190 Other issues with self-archiving...............................................................................192 ‘google has won’...........................................................................................................194 Making institutional repositories more valuable...............................................196 The future of repositories...........................................................................................198 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................207 9 Digital libraries and the social web: scholarship...........................209 Overview..........................................................................................................................209 Introduction....................................................................................................................209 background: Web 2.0 and library 2.0 ....................................................................210 What is the social web?...............................................................................................211 Digital libraries and the social web.........................................................................212 Digital libraries’ social evolution: a visual framework ......................................214 scholarship......................................................................................................................215 From personalization to collaboration..................................................................219 scholarly collaboration on the social web...........................................................222 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................234 10 Digital libraries and the social web: collections and platforms ....237 Overview..........................................................................................................................237