Hi! My name is Gemy – I am a tiny microorganism who explores the world of living nature. Have you ever wondered about what your body is made of? Or what is a cell and what does it look like from the inside? Have you ever been curious to know of the things that determined your appearance? Join me on the journey through the living nature and together we will unlock the secrets to the code of life! Educational book published by Vilnius LITHUANIA 2020 Vilnius-Lithuania iGEM 2020 team. Body structure from the What Is Your Body Made of? smallest to largest parts: Cells join together to form tissues, Cell The smallest “building brick” of your body different tissues join to form organs, is the cell. By joining, cells of the same and finally, organs group up to create Tissue kind create tissues. We have four major organ systems. types of tissue: muscular, epithelial, Organ nervous, and connective. Organ system Blood Neuron Blood cell Nervous tissue Muscle cell Epithelial cell Muscular tissue Epithelial tissue Task 1 Assist Gemy in connecting the cells with their appropriate tissues and organs. Name the organs pictured. Cell Tissue Organ Brain 2 Animal Cells are like tiny organisms, which are a part of larger communities, in which they help each other to survive, develop and multiply. cell Organelles are the organs of the cells, which perform various tasks. Nucleus It is a sort of a “brain” of the cell where the genetic material Endoplasmic reticulum is stored, which in itself is like a It helps the cell produce nutrients – blueprint that describes the cell fats and protein. Many ribosomes how it has to look and behave. can be found on its surface. Ribosomes They make proteins according to special instructions. Golgi apparatus It is a cell’s very own sorting Plasma machine, which packs its membrane nutrients into tiny vesicles It serves as a miniature and readies them for transport. “fence” that protects the contents of the cell from Mitochondrion Lysosome the outside world. This is where the cell’s It is the cell’s “trash can” energy is produced. where all the no longer needed materials are destroyed. Task 2 Help Gemy match the organelles to their proper function. 1. I collect all the cell’s waste. 2. I am the “brain” of the cell. Everyone listens to me. Mitochondrion 3. I am embellished with Endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes. 4. I am the cell’s “packaging machine”. 5. I provide energy to the cell. Everyone, follow my orders! 6. I am the protective Golgi apparatus wall of the cell. Nucleus 3 Humans belong to the kingdom Animalia, trees Organisms are living creatures and flowers – kingdom which can feed themselves, Kingdoms of Life Plantae. breathe, move, grow, excrete, sense and reproduce. In the world, there exists a Mushrooms, that grow in the forest, belong spectacular variety of organisms, to kingdom Fungi, while the tiny organisms which are composed of different that live in puddles and swamps and can be forms of cells. The living creatures barely seen with the naked eye – are from the are divided into 5 kingdoms. kingdom Protista. The tiniest life forms – bacteria and archaea represent the kingdom Monera. Task 3 Kingdoms’ creatures have lost their way! Help them return to their castles. To make your assignment easier, Gemy has already led some of the creatures back to their kingdoms. Goldfish Amoeba Oak Mold Cyanobacteria Penny bun Protozoa Chamomile Paramecium Animals Salmonella Euglena E. coli Fungi Plants Dog Monera Yeast Cactus Sparrow 4 Pictured below you will see organelles of a plant cell. Find and circle Task 4 the organelles that are not found in animal cells. See page 3 for a hint. Plants Plasma Golgi apparatus membrane Nucleus Cell wall Much stronger than a plasma membrane, this wall gives Endoplasmic a plant cell its shape. reticulum Central vacuole This is where the cell’s juice is stored. Ribosomes Lysosome Chloroplast It is a green-coloured organelle which absorbs the Mitochondrion sunlight and uses it to produce nutrients for the cell. Task 5 Help Gemy correctly name the parts of a plant: leaf, stem, blossom, roots. CO₂ H₂O O₂ Sunlight Oxygen Plants convert sunlight into energy which helps them grow. This process is called photosynthesis. During it – Carbon carbon dioxide is consumed, dioxide and oxygen is released. Water 5 Fungi Task 6 Find the letters, which are scattered across this page. Once put together in the correct order, they will spell out a term for a mutually beneficial relationship that trees and fungi form. During this kind of “friendship” they exchange nutrients and minerals. Careful! My name is fly agaric and I am poisonous. Hi! We I should not be eaten, but are yeast. please do not trample me if you see me in the forest. We like sugar and making CO₂ bubbles, which raise the bread dough. I am known as honey fungus. If you are lucky – you can see me glowing in the dark on the bark of a tree. I am nail fungus and I If you can see lots of can cause people lush lichens surrounding diseases. you – it means you‘re Now this food breathing clean air. belongs to us – the mold. Nice to meet you! I am lichen. Do not be deceived by eating only the clean part of the sandwich. Mold is poisonous and dispersed throughout the entire sandwich. I can grow on trees, On the outside you rocks and even can only see our pavement, however dust – spores, but some of my relatives inside we are spread are very sensitive to throughout using air pollution and do our root-like structures not grow just anywhere. called hyphae. 6 Microscope Protists If a protist’s cell resembles that one of... You will need a microscope, should an animal a plant you wish to see these minute then it’s... organisms – the protists, because you cannot see them with a naked eye. Great majority of the protists are made up of just a single cell. Paramecium a protozoon an alga I move using my pseudopodia – “false” legs, which My movement is can change shape. helped by the beating cilia. Euglena I can eat like an animal, but I can also generate food like a plant – using Pseudopodia Amoeba the energy of sunlight! Task 7 Can you and Gemy find all the words associated with protists? PSEUDOPODIUM, AMOEBA, ALGAE, PARAMECIUM, FLAGELLUM, CILIA, EUGLENA. S P A G I M E C I L M P G A I B L K H E U G L E N A O T E U G A L P O K O L A R S G M E A J M S A I C F L A U O P S E U D O P O D I U M P S S N Y A R T E D F U L E A Y Z H O O V I S B L E K C D N A C I L I A G M A S N I S B G T A P M T K D I U W U A I D P M F L A G E L L U M P O 7 Below you can see Monera a bacterial cell. You and Gemy have finally reached the kingdom Did you know... of smallest organisms. However, it also happens to be the richest one. In kingdom Monera live Archaea can survive in bacteria and archaea. extreme conditions. Some of the species can withstand Plasmid Flagellum living in 100°C (boiling Like the nucleoid, genetic A whip-like growth, water) temperatures! information is stored in it, Plasma which the bacteria which defines the cell’s membrane whips to swim. In 8 hours one bacterium properties. can divide up to 17 million Nucleoid bacteria! Here are stored the “instructions” on how the cell has to look and behave. Bacteria, which cause diseases, are called pathogens. However, not all bacteria are bad. Cell wall Our gut has many beneficial bacteria, which act as “guards” and help strengthen Capsule your immune system. Protects the cell from injury. Good bacteria Bad bacteria Fimbriae Ribosomes Small processes, which help adhere to other surfaces or bacteria. Special bacteria are used in yogurt and cheese production. Diazotrophs are monera which enrich the soil with nitrogen, thus helping the plants grow. Task 8 Find 7 differences and circle them. Colour the good bacteria yellow and bad bacteria – blue. 8 The DNA molecule resembles a twisted ladder, the stairs of which are made of four different smaller molecules – nucleotides. They are Code of Life represented by the letters A, T, G, and C. Gene Cell nucleus Chromosome All the information about you and the living creatures surrounding you is stored in genes. Genes of all organisms are written in the same DNA Genes are like instructions, which define language, called the how your body looks and operates. For genetic code. example, genes have determined the colour of your eyes. These instructions are encrypted in a Genetic code consists of a four-letter special material – a DNA molecule. sequence: A, T, G, and C. Each one of us is unique due to the distinct arrangement of these letters in our genetic code. Task 9 Gemy has lost some of the Adenine ACGTAATCCGT nucleotide pairs. Notice CGTACTGAACG what pairs nucleotides Thymine form and complete the TCCATTACTACA rest of them accordingly. Guanine CGTAGCTCGTTA TATGCATTGCAT Cytosine ACGTAGAGCTA 99% of your genes are the same as chimpanzee’s. 50% match those of a banana.