Offprint from Byzanz zwischen Orient und Okzident Veröffentlichungen des Leibniz-WissenschaftsCampus Mainz / Frankfurt Pilgrimage to Jerusalem Journeys, Destinations, Experiences across Times and Cultures Falko Daim · Johannes Pahlitzsch · Joseph Patrich · Claudia Rapp · Jon Seligman (eds) Byzanz zwischen Orient und Okzident | 19 Veröffentlichungen des Leibniz-WissenschaftsCampus Mainz / Frankfurt RG Z M Pilgrimage to Jerusalem Journeys, Destinations, Experiences across Times and Cultures Falko Daim · Johannes Pahlitzsch · Joseph Patrich Claudia Rapp · Jon Seligman (eds) Proceedings of the Conference held in Jerusalem, 5th to 7th December 2017 Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums | Mainz | 2020 Redaktion: Stefan Albrecht, Claudia Nickel (RGZM), Martin Dennert Satz: Dieter Imhäuser, Hofheim a. T. Umschlaggestaltung: Claudia Nickel (RGZM); Coverbild: View of Jeru- salem (detail). From Bernhard von Breidenbach, Peregrinatio in Terram Sanctam (Mainz 1486) Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. ISBN 978-3-88467-327-0 © 2020 Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Das Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Die dadurch begründeten Rechte, insbesondere die der Übersetzung, des Nachdrucks, der Entnahme von Abbildungen, der Funk- und Fernsehsendung, der Wiedergabe auf fotomechanischem (Fotokopie, Mikrokopie) oder ähnlichem Wege und der Speicherung in Datenverarbeitungs- anlagen, Ton- und Bildträgern bleiben, auch bei nur auszugsweiser Verwertung, vorbehalten. Die Vergütungsansprüche des § 54, Abs. 2, UrhG. werden durch die Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort wahrgenommen. Druck: johnen-druck GmbH & Co. KG, Bernkastel-Kues Printed in Germany. Contents Falko Daim · Johannes Pahlitzsch · Joseph Patrich · Claudia Rapp · Jon Seligman 7 Introduction Infrastructure of Pilgrimage Andreas Külzer Pilgrims on their Way in the Holy Land: Roads and Routes According to Byzantine and 11 Post-Byzantine Travel Accounts Leah Di Segni 23 Epigraphical Evidence for Pilgrimage to the Holy Places Jon Seligman 31 Creating Economic Capacity for Pilgrimage to Jerusalem in the Byzantine Period Basema Hamarneh Between Hagiography and Archaeology: Pilgrimage and Monastic Communities 41 on the Banks of the River Jordan Groups of Pilgrims Claudia Rapp From the Holy City to the Holy Mountain: The Movement of Monks and Manuscripts 59 to the Sinai Emilio Bonfiglio · Johannes Preiser-Kapeller From Ararat to Mount Zion: Armenian Pilgrimage and Presence in the Medieval Holy Land, 75 Fourth to Seventh Century Max Ritter A Desire against all Odds and Difficulties? The Presence of Christian Pilgrims in 87 Early Muslim Jerusalem, Seventh to Tenth Century Robert Schick 109 Muslim Pilgrims to Jerusalem in the Ottoman Period Places of Pilgrimage Rangar Cline 121 Water and Proof in Early Christian Pilgrimage Narratives Joseph Patrich Arculf’s Church of St. Mary and the Spoudaeion in the Complex of the Holy Sepulchre 129 between the Arab and the Crusader Conquests. Location and Liturgy Anastasia Keshman W. Mary the Doorkeeper – On the History of the Miraculous Image of the Theotokos in the 141 Complex of the Holy Sepulchre 153 List of Contributors 155 Sigles Used Introduction Jerusalem is a city holy to three world religions: Judaism, Jon Seligman and Joseph Patrich, it was then decided that a Christianity and Islam. From the early Byzantine period, Chris- conference initially planned for Mainz would be more ideally tian pilgrimage here and to other holy sites became a »mass held in Jerusalem. This led to another enlargement of the phenomenon« after Saint Helen was said to have miracu- topic from that of the exhibition, since Jerusalem represents lously discovered the »True Cross of Christ«, and her son Con- a particularly prominent pilgrimage destination for all three stantine the Great had built churches in this area. Thousands religions of the book. The conference was concerned not only of Christian believers made their way to holy sites in Pales- with Christian, but also with Jewish and Muslim pilgrimage. tine, Egypt and other places in order to physically experience The aspect of the movement, and convergence, of people salvation history and seek divine intervention in their lives. and objects towards one particular site that was charged Numerous travel reports, pilgrim guides and other written with multiple religious meanings also resonated with the work sources highlight important aspects of pilgrimage. In addition, of Claudia Rapp’s research team that investigates »Mobility, many well-preserved churches, monasteries, hostels and other Microstructures and Personal Agency« 3. buildings, as well as rich archaeological findings, provide us The conference took place from December 5th to 7th, 2017, with a vivid and synthetic picture of the history of pilgrimage at the Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi Institute for Research on Eretz Israel. to the Holy Land. In the course of these religiously motivated It was financed by the Leibniz ScienceCampus Mainz (a co- journeys, people of the three »religions of the book« came operation of the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum and into contact and interacted in a multitude of ways. the Johannes Gutenberg University), represented by Falko The particular resonance of the phenomenon of pilgrim- Daim and Johannes Pahlitzsch; the Israel Academy of Sci- age was the topic of a large research project of the Leibniz ence, represented by Benjamin Kedar; the Israel Antiquities ScienceCampus Mainz: Byzantium between Orient and Oc- Authority, represented by Jon Seligman and Gideon Avni; the cident, entitled »For the sake of salvation and happiness in Hebrew University and the Israel Association of Byzantine life: Studies on Byzantine pilgrimage and its origins«, which Studies, each represented by Joseph Patrich; as well as the was conducted from 2013 until 2016 and concluded with a University of Vienna and the Austrian Academy of Sciences conference on Byzantine pilgrimage in Mainz in December and its Institute for Medieval Research, Division of Byzantine of 2015 1. The idea for an additional conference on pilgrim- Research, represented by Claudia Rapp. age arose in 2016 in the context of researching objects for The contributions stemming from this conference address the exhibition »Byzantium & the West. 1000 Forgotten Years the phenomenon of the pilgrimage to Jerusalem from very (Byzanz & der Westen. 1000 vergessene Jahre)«, which was different approaches using written and material sources. On displayed in 2018 on the Schallaburg in cooperation with the one hand, they ask how pilgrims travelled to the Holy the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum 2. The topic of Land, what was the infrastructure that made pilgrimages the exhibition was mutual communication at various levels possible, what did they see and what impressed them. On and with various media. For the transfer of information and the other hand, they approach the pilgrims themselves, their wares, from the fourth century onwards travelers, especially origins, their motivations and their itineraries. pilgrims, as well as crusaders, played a crucial role. A sig- The first group of contributions addresses the infrastruc- nificant component of the exhibition was thus devoted to ture of the pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Andreas Külzer follows pilgrimage and the crusaders, along with their consequences. the traces of pilgrims travelling to the Holy Land from the Israeli colleagues and institutions supported the exhibition Byzantine and early Post-Byzantine period, as documented with numerous exhibits, so that the pilgrimage phenomenon in different pilgrims’ accounts, and presents details on roads, could be exhaustively displayed. routes and accommodations, especially focusing on the trav- In conversations of the curators of the exhibition, Falko els of John Phokas and Daniel of Ephesus. Daim and Dominik Heher, with Benjamin Kedar, Gideon Avni, 1 Ariantzi / Eichner, Pilgerwesen. 3 Wittgenstein-Award Project of the FWF Z288-G25, whose support is gratefully 2 Cat. Schallaburg 2018. acknowledged: Leah Di Segni, focusing on another aspect of the infra- period. Drawing from a large number of travelogues, he anal- structure for pilgrimage, looks for the identification of hos- yses the date and travel routes of pilgrims in order to draw a pices for travellers on the routes leading to and from Jerusa- picture of Jerusalem pilgrimage activity and its frequency over lem, collecting evidence from the literary sources as well as the centuries. Furthermore, he contextualises the travels with the scanty epigraphical evidence for hospices in the Holy Land, the political situation between Byzantium and the Muslim and examines the connection of the few occurrences to the potentates ruling over the Holy Land, raising the question network of pilgrimage routes. of which political conditions were considered critical for the Jon Seligman brings into focus the large economic ca- pilgrims’ decisions to travel. pacity of the city which was necessary for pilgrimage to Finally, Robert Schick tells the story of pilgrimage to Je- Jerusalem during the Byzantine period. The relatively small rusalem from a very different angle. He examines the travel population of Jerusalem had to deal with large numbers of accounts of Muslim pilgrims to Jerusalem in the Ottoman pilgrims. Nutrition and production capacity are discussed, period from