Historic Architectural Survey of the City of York York County, South Carolina Final Report November 2008 HIStoric ArCHItECturAL Survey of tHE CItY of YorK YorK CouNtY, SoutH CArolina final rEPort The City of York and South Carolina Department of Archives and History Columbia, South Carolina Paige Wagoner Historian Kristina Lanphear Historian and Edward Salo Principal Investigator November 2008 Brockington and Associates, Inc. Atlanta • Charleston • Jacksonville • Savannah ABStract In 2007 and 2008, Brockington and Associates, Inc., During the course of the historic architectural conducted a historic architectural survey of the City of survey of the City of York, we identified 675 historic York for the city government and the South Carolina architectural resources, of which 557 are domestic Department of Archives and History. The objective structures. The York Historic District currently contains of this survey is to identify all aboveground historic four individually eligible resources and 175 contributing architectural resources in the survey universe that retain resources. It is recommended that three expansion areas, sufficient integrity to be included in the Statewide Survey with a total of 52 contributing resources, be added to the of Historic Places. These resources include buildings, defined York Historic District. A recommended separate structures, objects, districts, and landscapes that have district, the York/Cannon Mill Historic District, contains architectural or historical significance. We conducted 60 contributing resources and no noncontributing this research and fieldwork with several goals in mind. resources. In addition, five resources that are not part The project can provide information for public officials of any district are eligible or recommended individually in the county to allow them to make informed decisions eligible. The remaining 379 resources are not eligible for regarding the impact of development and other public the nrHP. activities on the City of York’s cultural resources and to set priorities for the protection and use of these resources. The historical overview contained in this report can provide an appreciation and understanding of these resources. The results of this survey can serve as an archival record of the City of York’s historic resources at the time of the survey; this report contains an inventory of every site recorded during the fieldwork. This project is part of the Statewide Survey of Historic Places, a program coordinated by the South Carolina State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO). The purpose of this statewide program is to identify all cultural resources in the state and to highlight those that are eligible for the national register of Historic Places (nrHP) and for local designation. The federal government has recommended this process of documentation through the national Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended. The Statewide Survey of Historic Places provides the SHPO with information that enables it to review the impact of projects with federal components on resources eligible for the nrHP. federal projects require environmental and cultural review permits to proceed, which in turn requires review by the SHPO. In addition, some federal grants for cultural resources and certain federal tax incentives for rehabilitation of historic buildings require a determination of nrHP status. The information developed through the Historic Architectural resources Survey of the City of York gives the SHPO a basis for making these determinations. Brockington and Associates ii acknowledgMEntS In completing this survey of the City of York, we were fortunate to have the help of many people. David Breakfield with the City of York Planning Department organized the project, served as the project manager for the grant, and provided a great deal of logistical support and a constant supply of friendliness and encouragement. We would like to thank Michael Scoggins, Historian, Culture and Heritage Museum; nancy Sambets, Archivist, Culture and Heritage Museum; and Cynthia Bradford for their assistance as well. finally, the staff at the South Carolina Department of Archives and History, including Brad Sauls and David Kelly, were very helpful and accommodating. The activity that is the subject of this report has been financed in part with federal funds from the national Park Service, uS Department of the Interior. However, the contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of the Interior. This program receives federal financial assistance for identification and protection of historic properties. under title vI of the Civil rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the rehabilitation Act of 1973, and the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, as amended, the uS Department of the Interior prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, disability, or age in its federally assisted programs. If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility as described above, or if you desire further information, please write to Office of Equal Opportunity, national Park Service, 1849 C Street nW, Washington, DC 20240. Brockington and Associates iii table Of contEntS ABStract........... .....................................................................................................................II acknowledgMEntS ......................................................................................................... III LISt Of fIgurES ....................................................................................................................vI LISt Of tables ...................................................................................................................vIII 1.0 IntroduCtion .................................................................................................................1 1.1 Name Of Project .......................................................................................................................1 1.2 BOundarIES Of Project ..........................................................................................................1 1.3 number Of PropertIES ............................................................................................................1 1.4 gEOgraphical ArEA .................................................................................................................1 1.5 Survey StAff ...............................................................................................................................1 1.6 BEgInnIng AnD EnD DAtES Of tHE Survey .......................................................................1 1.7 OBJECtIvE Of tHE Survey .......................................................................................................1 1.8 MEthod Of Survey ...................................................................................................................4 1.8.1 Historic Architectural Resources Survey ...................................................................................................... 4 1.8.2 NRHP Assessment of Cultural Resources .................................................................................................... 6 2.0 HIStOrical OvErview...................................................................................................9 2.1 IntroduCtion ............................................................................................................................9 2.2 COntact ErA AnD Colonial PEriod ..................................................................................9 2.3 CrEAtion Of YOrK ...................................................................................................................13 2.4 AntebelluM PEriod AnD tHE CIvIL WAr ........................................................................17 2.5 tHE ReconStruCtion ErA ....................................................................................................22 2.6 tHE ArrIvAL Of InDuStrY .................................................................................................... 24 2.7 tHE KEnt trilogY ...................................................................................................................27 2.8 TwentIEtH-CEnturY ChangES ..........................................................................................29 3.0 PrEviously IdentIfIED HIStOric ArCHItECturAL rESOurCES ....................30 3.1 nrHP-LIStED PropertIES .......................................................................................................30 3.1.1 Hart House (NRIS 79002388) ....................................................................................................................... 30 3.1.2 Wilson House (NRIS 82003894) .................................................................................................................. 30 3.1.3 Witherspoon-Hunter House (NRIS 72001215) ...................................................................................... 30 3.1.4 York County Courthouse (NRIS 73001721) ............................................................................................. 32 3.1.5 York Historic District (NRIS 78002525) ................................................................................................... 32 3.2 nrHP-ELIgible AnD POtEntially ELIgible PropertIES ..............................................34 3.3 PrEviouS ArCHItECturAL Surveys WItHIn tHE Survey unIvErse .......................36