Taxonomic study of the ophiuroidea in Japan 学位授与機関 東京水産大学 学位授与年度 1991 URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1342/00000724/ Taxonomic Study of the Ophiuroidea in Japan Seiichi IRIMURA 1 991 ~i .~J~00,rJ53 ~ Contents 1 , , ,,, 3 2 , Historical Review of Taxonomy and Systematics of the Class Ophiuroidea 10 .. ,,, , 3 Faunal Works on the Japanese Ophiuroidea . 20 , .... ,,, , 4 23 , ,,, , 4 1 Kuroshlo Current Area ( Paclflc Coast) . l'e 24 4. 1. 1. Tosa Bay....................... 25 ,,, , 4. I . 2. Kii Peninsula. 46 ... 'te t 4 1 3 Sagaml bay and adj acent waters . 86 ll, , 4. 2 . Tsushima Warm Current Acea. 244 ,,, t 245 4. 2. I . Sea of Japan....... .... ....... l,, t 4. 2. 2. Yellow Sea ................... 268 .. ,,, , 4. 2. 3. East China Sea.. .. ..... .. ..... 286 ,,, , 4. 3. Bc;real Area. .. 31 6 ,,, , 4 3. I . Off Sanriku. 31 7 l,, , 324 4 3 2 Around the Hokkaido........ ,,l l 5. Taxonomlc Characters of the Ophiuroldea . 340 ,,, l 5 1 Re evaluatlon on Taxonomlc Characters of the hiuroidea 341 O~5 ･･･････････････････････- ,t l 5 2 New Attempt to Taxonomlc Study of the Ophiuroidea by Ossicles . ... 345 ... , 6. Distribution and Comrnunity. 358 6 1 The Dlstrlbutlon of the Ophluroidea in the 359 Japanese ....Waters . 6. 2. Shallow Water System. 361 6. 2. I Warm Current Area In Paclflc Coast 361 6. 2. 2. Cold Current Area. 362 6. 2. 3 Sea of Japan. 362 6 2. 4. Arround Oklnawa Islands. 363 6. 3. Deep Dea System. 365 6. 3. I . Bathyal Zone. 365 6. 3. 2. Abyssal Zone . 366 ....... 6. 4 . Ophlurold Communlty. 367 6 4 1 Hlstorlcal Revlew on Ophiuroid Community. 368 6 4 2 New Records of the Ophlurold Communities . 372 .. 6 . 4 . 3 Bathymetrlc Range on Ophiuroid Communities in Sagaml Bay and Suruga Bay. 383 , Complete Llst of the Ophiuroldea in the Japanese Waters . 385 Acknowled9lnents. 41 9 8 , 9 l References . 422 1 . Introduction 0~5hiuroidea is variable in life fonns, for example, Iiving under boulders , hiding in crevice on rock, burrowing into the muddy, silty, or clayish bottoms; clinching onto gorgonians, sea-pens, or sponges, riding on sea-feathers and so on. Hyman ( 1 955) quoted "It may be regarded as the most successful echinoderm group living today . " In sandy bottom in the infralittoral fringe of Japanese coast, there are rDany and diverse species of brittle stars, for example, Ophioplocus j aponicus , Ophiarachnella gorgonia, or Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix ) exigua in Sagami Bay, Ophiomastix mixta, Ophioccma dentata, or M~crophiothrix longipeda in Kii Peninsula. In upper sublittoral zone, Iower sublittoral zone, or bathyal zone, they are often dominant anirnal In blologlcal ccmrnunities . In the west of the Inubo Cape on the Pacific coast, where lies the northern limit of the Indo-West Pacific region, we can flnd many tropical species of brittle stars frorn sea area south of the ' ape; while northern area the cape is invided by boreal-arctic species . In the Seto Inland Sea, Sagami Bay, Suruga Bay , and other bays and coves , there are many east asia nertic species , which are distributed to the west coast of Korea, yellow Sea, and East China Sea. Up to now, 308 species have been known from the Japanese waters . In early days , the brittle stars were noticed as the food -4- of cods , flat fishes, and other bottom fishes. While Petersen (1913, 1 918) studied on benthos biomass in relation to food sources of larval flat fishes in the sea of Denmark and the Bartlc Sea, he rec09nized eight major bottorn comrnunities in his research areas . Among thern, Echinocardivm cordatum-~~~~~~~~~= (Am hiura) filformis cornmunity and Brisso sis I rifera-Am hiura (Am hiura) hia'ei corranunity are well known to indicate good fishing grounds of flat fishes . In Japanese waters, ~~~~~~~~= sarsi has been known as the food of flat fishes , namely, Cleisthenes ineton2rn herzensteini , Hi lossoides dubius , and Gl toce halus stelleri (Hayase & Hamai 1 974), in the waters off southem Hokkaido and off Sanriku. Mikawa (1956) reported that Clldoderma as rimum has a particular shape of mouth enabling to prey conveniently on the brittle stars , just as Microstolnus achne on polychaetes and Atheresthes evermanni on bottom fishes . In the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea, the brittle stars are also known to be iJnportant for fcod sources of the bottom fishes . The brittle stars are very important elements of biomass in many bottcm comrnunities , as they often predominant in infra- littoral f ringes , shelves , and bathyal zones . ~~~~~~~~~= (Arn hiura) filformis ~~~~~~~= (Am hiura) hia'ei, ~~h~~~~L~~ I~~~~~~~~i~ fra ilis and ~~~S~~~ ~~~~~i a have been known to be so abundant in shallow waters in the northem Europe that thelr physlology ecology and behavior have been well worked out . In the Japanese waters , there are some dominant species among living bottun camlunities, for example, ~~i~~~~~~= sarsi in the Sea of Japan, the Bering Sea, the Sea of Oknotsk, the waters off Hokkaido and off Sanriku (Mainly 250-450m in depth), ~~~~~~~~= ~9~~:~~Q6 Iax off Tosa (about 700m in depth), Am hio lus (Am hio lus) Iaucus ( 800-1,300m in depth), and hio lus ~~~~~9~~y~1 E~~L~S~2:~Lis (300-600m in depth) in mudd_y or silty bottorns in Sagarni Bay and Suruga Bay , and hiacantha rhaco hora in sandy bottom off Chikura, Boso Peninsula (about I OOm in depth ) among others . The patterns of distribution of many brittle stars are evidently correlated with abiotic characters , such as sediment , depth , water temperature , and water movement . Petersen ( 1 9 1 3 , 1 9180 first pointe out in northern European waters that Arn hiura (Am hiura) filformis ccwrnunity is widely extended in sandy mud of upper sublittoral zone and ~~~~~~~~~= (Am hiura) hia'ei community in muddy or silty mud of lower sublittoral zone. In Japan, Kikuchi ( 1 977) proposed schelues of distribution of various brittle stars in relation to depth and sediment types in Chiziwa Bay, Kyushu. Theref ore , taxonomic and ecological studies on the Ophiuroidoa are very important for not only biological oceano- - graphy but also for fisheries science . Recentlyf pharrnacolQgists notice bicmedical utilization of this animal, as various bio- chernical active elements in ~~:y of brittle stars . I have been engaged in taxonomic and ecological studies on the Ophiuroidea in the Japanese waters since 1 960. I have often been participated in the cruises conducted by the Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, for beam trawl or dredge sampllng wlth Prof M Horlkoshl and Prof S . Ohta and their staff as a JIBP pro]ect durlng 1 966 1 973 On the other hand the late Emperor Showa had a large collection of many benthic animal from the Sagami Bayf and kindly offered his ophiuroid collection for my study. Tokai Regional Fisheries Research L~~ratory r has been conducting shallow water and deep sea benthic animals in Sagami Bay , around lzu Archipelago, and the other areas by the R/V Soyo-maru Inainly during 1956-1978. The ophiuroid specimens of the Soyo-maru collection were offered to lue through the courtesy of Dr. T . Okutani ( now Prof. of Tokyo University of Fisheries ) . Recently, many speclmens of the O~5hluroldea that were collected through marine benthic ecological investigations by many universities and flsherles laboratorles were offered me to study. The persons who supplied me wlth the ophlurold speclmens by area are as follows : ~7* Off ~nakusa, Chiziwa Bay, and Ariake Bay by Prof. T. Kikuchi f Kyushu University; around Hokkaido, collected of the TR/V Tokai Daigaku H, Tokai University by Dr. M. Yamadar Prof. nnerltus Hokkaldo Unlverslty Tanabe Bay and its vicinity, Kii Peninsula by the late Dr. F. Utinomir Prof. Emeritus, Kyoto University; around Sado Island by Prof. M. Honma, Niigata University; Toyama Bay by Prof. C. 09uro, Toyama University and N . Horii, ex-Uozu Aquarium; Mutsu Bay by Mr. Y. Hayakawaf Aquaculture Center, Acmori Prefecture; Oosaka Bay by Dr . K. Nagatar ex-Nansei Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory; Tosa Bay by Prof . O. Okamura, Kochi University, Dr. K. Nagata (mentioned above), and Mr. H. Horikawa, Nansei Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory; Tsushlma Stralt by Mr. T. Fuj itar Seikai Re9ional Fisheries leboratory; and off YarT~gata Prefecture by the late Dr. S. Suzuki, Yamagata University . - 2. Historical Review of Taxonomy and Systematics of the Class Ophiuroidea - Linnaeus ( 1 758) dealt with three ophiuroid specles wlthln the 9enus Asterlas tQ9ether wlth sea stars In hls "Systema Naturae, I Oth edition". I~marck ( 1 816) recorded two genera ~p~~~~: and ~~~~~~ in "Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres". Gray (1840) firstly used the term "Ophiuroidea", and Forbes ( 1 841) rec09nized them an independent group among the Phylurn Echinodermata. MUller & Troschel ( 1 842) divided Ophiuroidea into Ophiurae and Euryalae in their "System der Asteriden", with which an old taxono~lic concept, the simple arrn type and the forked arrn type were established. bjungman ( 1 867) developed their system as follows: Class Ophiuroidea Order ophlurae Family Ophiodermatidae Family Ophiolepididae Family Amphiuridae Family Ophiomyxidae Fainily Ophiocomidae Family Ophiothricidae Order Euryalae FamJLly Astrophytldae Thereafter, Irany scientists, such as Lutken ( 1 869)f Lyman (1882), Perrier (1891), Bell (1892), Verrill (1889), and H. L. Clark ( 1 911 ) inherited Muller & Troschel ( 1 842) ' system. Arnong thern. Lyman ( 1 882) noticed the simple ann basket stars. - o - Bell ( 1 892) studied the inetrnal structures of Ophiuroidea in which there are two articulation types on the vertebrate in arrns, namely, the zygospondylous articulation (curve only horizontally) and the streptspondylous one ( swing horizontally and vertically) . A revolutionary system was erected by Matsumoto ( 1 915, 1 917) based mainly on internal structures , namely, the articula- tion between radial shield and genital plate, and the forms of peristomial plate and those of oral frame.