GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF MICHIGAN GYPSUM IN THE UNITED STATES. ....................................15 ALFRED C. LANE, STATE GEOLOGIST § 12. General Remarks. .......................................15 13. New York. .......................................................15 Fayetteville,................................................................15 Cayuga Plaster Co.....................................................16 VOL. IX Wheatland Land Plaster Co.. .....................................16 PART II Oakfield Gypsum Deposits.........................................16 14. Ohio. ...............................................................16 15. Pennsylvania. .................................................17 THE GYPSUM 16. Virginia............................................................17 OF 17. Iowa. ...............................................................17 18. Kansas............................................................18 MICHIGAN 19. Arkansas.........................................................18 AND THE PLASTER INDUSTRY 20. Oklahoma. ......................................................18 21. Texas..............................................................19 BY 22. Colorado. ........................................................19 G. P. GRIMSLEY 23. Wyoming.........................................................20 ACCOMPANIED BY TWENTY-NINE PLATES 24. Nevada. ..........................................................20 Lovelock Deposit........................................................21 25. California. .......................................................21 PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE LAWS OF 26. Other Districts.................................................22 MICHIGAN UNDER THE DIRECTION OF SECONDARY GYPSUM DEPOSITS.....................................22 THE BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 27. Earthy Gypsum, Distribution of....................... 22 28. In Kansas........................................................22 LANSING 29. In Oklahoma and Indian Territory...................22 ROBERT SMITH PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS AND BINDERS 30. In Texas..........................................................23 1904 31. In Wyoming.....................................................23 Entered, according to Act of Congress in the year 1904, by 32. Microscopical Examination of Gypsum Earth. 23 GOVERNOR A. T. BLISS 33. Chemistry of Gypsum Earth. .......................... 23 for the State of Michigan, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, 34. Origin of the Gypsum Earth Deposit...............24 Washington, D. C. Spring Theory of Origin. .............................................24 CHAPTER III....................................................................25 TABLE OF CONTENTS. HISTORY OF THE GYPSUM INDUSTRY...............................25 1. Early Reports of Michigan Gypsum.................. 25 2. History of the Grand Rapids District, South of the Prefatory, General ........................................................... 4 River. .....................................................................25 3. History of the Grand Rapids District, North of the CHAPTER I....................................................................... 5 River. .....................................................................27 INTRODUCTION. ............................................................... 5 4. History of the Grandville District. ......................28 Sec. 1. Mineralogical Properties of Gypsum. .........5 5. History of the Alabaster Deposits. .................... 29 Solubility of Gypsum.....................................................6 CHAPTER IV. ..................................................................30 2. Early History........................................................6 GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN SERIES 3. Consolidation of Gypsum Companies. ...............7 GYPSUM ........................................................................30 4. Brief Summary of the Report. .............................8 1. Geological Section............................................30 CHAPTER II...................................................................... 9 2. Geological History of the Michigan Basin......... 31 GYPSUM IN OTHER COUNTRIES AND STATES..................... 9 3. Michigan Group of Rocks. ................................32 1. Gypsum in England.............................................9 4. Glacial Geology of the Grand Rapids area. ..... 32 2. Australia..........................................10 5. Topography of the Grand Rapids area.............33 3. India. ...............................................10 6. The Alabaster Area, by W. M. Gregory. ........... 34 4. Tasmania. .......................................11 7. Paleozoic, Geological Formations of, by W. M. 5. Canada. ..........................................11 Gregory..................................................................37 6. Cyprus.............................................11 8. Huron County, L. ..............................................42 7. France.............................................12 CHAPTER V. ...................................................................43 Methods of Calcining,.................................................12 Improved Types of Kilns.............................................13 GYPSUM DEPOSITS OF ST. IGNACE. ................................43 8. Germany. ........................................14 1. Historical...........................................................43 Mode of Calcining.......................................................14 2. St. Ignace Wells................................................ 44 9. Switzerland. ....................................15 3. Rabbit’s Back....................................................44 10. Sweden...........................................15 4. St. Martin’s Island, etc. .....................................44 11. Italy. ................................................15 CHAPTER VI. ..................................................................45 Volume IX, Part II – Page 1 of 119 A STUDY OF WELL BORINGS. ......................................... 45 Plaster of Paris in France.......................................78 1. Preliminary. .......................................................45 Ohio Plaster, ..............................................................78 2. Carboniferous (Grand Rapids Group) Wyoming Plaster,.......................................................78 Kansas Cement Plaster. ............................................79 Gypsum..................................................................45 Texas and Oklahoma Plaster.....................................79 3. Well Records Near Grand Rapids. ...................48 Michigan Plaster.........................................................79 4. Drilling by the Pittsburg Plate Glass Company.50 CHAPTER X. ...................................................................81 5. Gypsum in the Wells Reaching the Silurian. ....51 6. Conclusion. .......................................................51 PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF GYPSUM WALL PLASTER.......81 7. Total Quantity of Available Gypsum in 1. Introduction.......................................................81 Michigan.................................................................51 2. Fineness. ..........................................................81 CHAPTER VII.................................................................. 52 3. Weight. .............................................................81 4. Gauging of Plaster............................................81 MICHIGAN MINES AND MILLS. ......................................... 52 5. Time of Setting. ................................................82 1. Grand Rapids District........................................52 6. Tensile Strength. ..............................................83 The Alabastine Company. ..........................................52 Appliances. ................................................................83 The Alabastine Mill. ....................................................53 Mixing.........................................................................83 The Godfrey Mine and Mill. ........................................54 Breaking.....................................................................83 The Powers Mine and Mill. .........................................55 Tables. .......................................................................84 Grand Rapids Plaster Company Mines and Mills. .....56 Discussion of Results.................................................85 The English Mill and Mine. .........................................56 Tests on Old Plasters.................................................86 2. Grandville Area. ................................................57 Some Low Tests. .......................................................86 The Durr Mine and Mill ...............................................57 7. Comparison of Physical Tests with Chemical The White Mill.............................................................58 Analyses. ...............................................................86 3. Alabaster...........................................................58 8. Compression Tests...........................................87 Other Gypsum Deposits in the Alabaster District. ......59 9. Absorption Tests and Effect on Strength..........88 CHAPTER VIII................................................................