MINISTRY OF PUBLIC HEALTH OF UKRAINE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF PHARMACY K.A. Ivanova, G.F. Krivtchikova THE HISTORY OF WORLD AND UKRAINIAN CULTURE CREDIT-MODULE COURSE Manual for students of higher schools Kharkiv NUPh «Golden Pages» 2012 UDC 008 BBK 71.3(0)+71.3(4UKR) I-21 Approved by Ministry of Education and Science, Youth and Sports of Ukraine (Letter №1/11-14965 from 25.09.2012) Authors: K.A. Ivanova, G.F. Krivtchikova Reviewed by: V.A. Samokhina, PhD of Philology, professor, Head of the English Philology Department, Kharkiv National University named after V.N. Karazin; G.D. Pankov, PhD of Philosophy, professor of the Culture Studies Department, Kharkiv State Academy of Culture. The History of World and Ukrainian Culture I-21 (credit-module course) : Manual for students of higher schools / K.A. Ivanova, G.F. Krivtchikova. — Kharkiv : NUPh : Golden Pages, 2012. — 360 p. ISBN 978-966-615-421-0 ISBN 978-966-400-263-6 The manual covers all main topics of the course, in- cluding the summarized material on the development of world culture and its influence on the Ukrainian cul- ture with accordance to the requirements of the Ministry of Education and Science, Youth and Sports of Ukraine. After each topic a list of questions for self-control is given. The manual is arranged as a credit-module course. It can be used by students for independent work, self- study and as supplementary material for group discus- sions and essay preparation. UDC 008 BBK 71.3(0)+71.3(4UKR) ISBN 978-966-615-421-0 © K.A. Ivanova, G.F. Krivtchikova, 2012 ISBN 978-966-400-263-6 © National University of Pharmacy, 2012 CONTENT Submodule 1. The Main Problems of Philosophy and the Theory of Culture ..................................................4 1.1. The Phenomenon of Culture ...................................... 4 1.2. Culture and Civilization ........................................... 19 Submodule 2. Cultural Epochs in the History of Mankind ................................................ 36 2.1. The Culture of the Primitive Society ......................... 36 2.2. The Culture of Ancient Civilizations and their Influence on Ukrainian Culture .................. 53 2.3. Antique Culture ..................................................... 110 2.4. The Culture of Middle Ages .................................... 139 2.5.The Culture of Rennaissance and Reformations ..... 190 2.6. The Culture of New Time and Enlightenment ........ 239 2.7. Ukrainian National Cultural Renaissance in the late XVIII — early XX-th centuries ................ 276 2.8. World Culture in the XX-th–XXI-st Centuries. Modern and Post-modern ...................................... 292 Texts for Additional Reading ......................................... 326 Questions for Module Control ........................................ 347 Bibliography .................................................................... 351 3 SUBMODULE 1 THE MAIN PROBLEMS OF PHILOSOPHY AND THE THEORY OF CULTURE 1.1. The Phenomenon of Culture The phenomenon of culture is studied by different sciences — archeology, ethnography, history, sociology, and also by the sciences studying various forms of con- sciousness, such as philosophy, art, aesthetics, religion, etc. Each of them gives its own definition of culture as the subject of their research. For instance, archeology con- nects culture with studying objects that are the results of activity of people who lived very long ago. Ethnogra- phy studies culture of different peoples and nationalities in its variety and integrity. By estimation of the American culturologists Alfred Creb and Clyde Klakhon, from 1871 to 1919 seven defi- nitions of ‘culture’ were given. From 1920 to1950 there were 157 more definitions of this concept. Now, it is supposed to exist more than 500 definitions of cul- ture, and this number is growing and soon will reach to one thousand. The term «culture» goes back to the Latin word «cul- tura», which meant cultivation of ground, i.e. the change under the influence of man, contrarily to changes caused by the nature. Even this first definition already expressed the important characteristic feature — the unity of cul- ture, man and his activity. The world of culture, any of its subjects or phenomena are perceived not as a result 4 of some natural forces, but as result of efforts and work of people who perfected, processed or changed things given to us by nature. This concept gradually spreads to other spheres of human activity, in particular, on bringing up, educating and training people. For the first time in this mean- ing we meet the concept «culture» in the works of the Roman orator and philosopher Marcus Tullius Cicero: his expression «cultura animi autem fhilosopiaes» (the culture of spirit is philosophy). In his opinion the spirit and mind should be cultivated in the same way as the peasant cultivates the ground. Later the term «culture» is more and more frequent- ly used in the meaning of education and enlightenment in all European languages. In Middle Ages culture associated with a city mode of life, and in Renaissance — with personal perfection. At last, the Enlighteners (XVIII-th century) gave an in- dependent scientific meaning to this word. The thinkers discussed the question of the new inhabitancy created by people in a counterweight to nature, its influence on people, whether this artificially created world was harmful or beneficial. A new attempt developing the essence of culture was made by the German philosophers of the XVIII–XIX-th centuries. I. Kant saw the essence of culture in moral consciousness, F. Shiller — in an aesthetic one. Gegel connected culture with philosophical consciousness. It is possible to distinguish 3 scientific approaches to revealing the essence of culture: • Anthropological; • Sociological; • Philosophical. Thus, culture is a range of material and the cultural values created by man during all the history of mankind and the process of creating these values. An outstanding thinker, an unusually gifted artist N.K. Rerih offered his understanding of culture: «Cul- ture is reverence of Light. Culture is love to man. Culture 5 is fragrance, a combination of life and beauty. Culture is synthesis of elevated and refined achievements. Cul- ture is the weapon of Light. Culture is salvation. Culture is the engine. Culture is heart». A human being is not born to be a social phenome- non, but in the process of his activity he becomes it. The process of bringing up a person and giving him edu- cation is the process of learning the culture, the pro- cess of passing it down from one generation to another. A person studies the culture, which has already been created for him, builds his knowledge on the social ex- perience, which has been accumulated by his predeces- sors. Studying the culture includes the study of inter- personal relations (our communication in kindergartens, schools, universities, at working places, when traveling) and in the process of self-education (reading, visiting of museums, etc.). We cannot ignore the important role of mass media — radio, TV, newspapers. A person not only acquires and studies the experi- ence accumulated before but also makes his own contri- bution to the development of culture. The process of so- cialization is a continuous process of mastering culture and at the same time the process of individualization of the person because the values of the culture are con- nected with a definite person, his character, mentality and temperament. 1. There is a contradiction between socialization and individualization of a person: on the one hand, the person is inevitably socialized, acquiring standards and norms of the society he lives in, and on the other, he tends to keep his individuality. 2. There is a contradiction between the adopted standards of the culture and the freedom given to the per- son. The norm and freedom are opposing things. 3. There is a contradiction between the traditional character of the culture and new processes that oc- curs in it. These and other contradictions are a source of the de- velopment of culture. 6 Culture has its own laws of functioning. These laws help to explain the changes occurring in culture as it is often impossible to explain them only by social rea- sons. Such approach allows to define certain stages, pe- riods and even epochs in the culture. For example, the epoch of the Antique art and Renaissance. Culture is a complex multilevel system. It is divid- ed into world and national cultures. The world culture is a synthesis of the best achievements of all national cultures of various peoples living on our planet. The na- tional culture, in its turn, acts as synthesis of cultures of various classes, social layers and groups of the society. The originality of the national culture can be traced both in the spiritual (language, literature, music, painting, religion), and in the material (peculiarities of economic mode of life, housekeeping, traditions of work and manu- facture) spheres of life and activity. Besides, there is class, city, rural, professional, youth culture, culture of the family, culture of a definite person. Culture can be folk (non-professional) and professional. It can be progressive (moral) and regressive (immoral). The complex and multilevel structure of culture pre- determines variety of its functions in the life of society and man. We shall shortly characterize the basic func- tions of culture. 1) Humanistic. 2) The major function is one of passing down social experience. The culture representing a complex sign sys- tem, acts as a unique mechanism of passing down so- cial experience from one generation to another, from one epoch to another, from one country to another. In case of cultural disrupt people lose social memory with all con- sequences following from here. 3) Cognitive ( or gnosiological). A person learns the world and himself through culture that unites historical knowledge of the world, knowledge of the nature, techni- cal knowledge and humanitarian knowledge. 4) Regulative function of culture is connected, first of all, with regulation of the various sides of public and 7 personal activities of people.