High-Contrast Imaging of Low- Mass Companions and Debris Disks

High-Contrast Imaging of Low- Mass Companions and Debris Disks

Rubén Asensio Torres High-contrast imaging of low- mass companions and debris disks High-contrast imaging of low-mass companions and debris disks of low-mass imaging High-contrast Rubén Asensio Torres ISBN 978-91-7797-558-8 Department of Astronomy Doctoral Thesis in Astronomy at Stockholm University, Sweden 2019 High-contrast imaging of low-mass companions and debris disks Ruben Asensio Torres Academic dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Astronomy at Stockholm University to be publicly defended on Friday 15 March 2019 at 13.00 in sal FB52, AlbaNova universitetscentrum, Roslagstullsbacken 21. Abstract The search for exoplanets, i.e., planets orbiting other stars than the Sun, is a relatively new research field, but has already established itself as one of the most prolific and intriguing areas of astronomy. By now we are in a situation where the focus is not only on finding companions to stars, but also on characterising their atmospheres and physical properties, which overall allows us to put our Solar System into context. In the near future, these efforts could potentially lead to the first confirmation of a life-bearing planet besides the Earth. The great majority of these exoplanet studies have been carried out indirectly, where the presence and characterisation of the companions are inferred solely from the observation of the host star. In the last decade, however, high-contrast direct imaging has been continuously developed to get rid of the starlight and reveal the existence of low-mass companions. Although this technique is currently limited to giant planets orbiting at large separations, it is able to directly detect the light emitted or scattered off the planet’s atmosphere at high signal to noise, which makes it the most promising planet- hunting method to characterise new worlds. Moreover, its capability to image faint objects close to the parent star allows for not only the detection of planetary-mass companions, but also low-mass stars, brown dwarfs, and circumstellar disks where planet formation takes place. This opens up a broad range of science cases where direct observations can be used to understand planet formation, atmospheric physics and stellar evolution. In this PhD thesis I provide an up-to-date introduction to the basis of the direct imaging technique, and explain the star and planet formation mechanisms. Three publications are attached to this introduction, each of them dealing with distinct science cases that can be assessed with high-contrast observations. In Paper I we resolve and model the aftermath of star formation, the so-called debris disk phase analogue to the asteroid and Kuiper belts in our Solar System, around the HD 32297 star with Subaru/HiCIAO. We reveal an edge-on disk and find the first indications of a double-ring scenario. We also present the first polarimetric study of this system, constraining the properties of the dust around the star. In Paper II we focus on the planetary-mass regime, and conduct the first direct imaging survey searching for circumbinary planets orbiting tight binary systems (SPOTS: Search for Planets Orbiting Two Stars). We present the results of the observations of 62 targets with VLT/NaCo and VLT/SPHERE, and perform a statistical analysis on the findings, placing constraints on the population of giant planets and brown dwarfs on wide orbits. Finally, in Paper III we resolve a triple stellar system with the newly-commissioned SCExAO/CHARIS integral field spectrograph. Taking advantage of the coeval nature of the system and the different range of masses involved, we use the data to reaffirm a previously suggested isochronal age discrepancy between the low- and the intermediate-mass population of stars. Keywords: Direct imaging, extrasolar planets, debris disks, planet formation, high angular resolution. Stockholm 2019 http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-163784 ISBN 978-91-7797-558-8 ISBN 978-91-7797-559-5 Department of Astronomy Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm HIGH-CONTRAST IMAGING OF LOW-MASS COMPANIONS AND DEBRIS DISKS Rubén Asensio Torres High-contrast imaging of low- mass companions and debris disks Rubén Asensio Torres ©Rubén Asensio Torres, Stockholm University 2019 ISBN print 978-91-7797-558-8 ISBN PDF 978-91-7797-559-5 Cover image: The debris disk around the young HD 32297 star, where planet formation might be taking place. The image was produced by Ruben Asensio-Torres and presented in Paper I. The data was acquired by the Japanese HiCiAO camera mounted on the Subaru telescope in Hawaii. The top panels show the H-band observation after two different reductions, LOCI(a) and PCA(b), and the lower panels are the corresponding signal to noise images. Printed in Sweden by Universitetsservice US-AB, Stockholm 2019 Distributor: Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University Para mi abuela Rosario y mi madre Juani Sammanfattning Sökandet efter exoplaneter, dvs planeter i bana kring andra stjärnor än solen, är ett relativt nytt forskningsfält, men har redan etablerats som ett av de mest pro- duktiva och fascinerande områdena inom astronomin. I nuläget befinner vi oss i en situation där fokus inte bara ligger på att hitta nya kompanjoner till stjär- nor, utan också på att karakterisera deras atmosfärer och fysiska egenskaper, vilket i sin tur hjälper oss att placera vårt eget solsystem i ett större perspektiv. I en nära framtid kan dessa insatser potentiellt leda till de första bekräftelserna av livsuppehållande planeter utöver jorden. En överväldigande majoritet av dessa exoplanet-studier har bedrivits in- direkt, där en kompanjons existens och egenskaper härleds enbart från obser- vationer av värdstjärnan i systemet. Under det senaste decenniet har dock en kontinuerlig utveckling skett av direkt avbildning med hög kontrast, vilket går ut på att filtrera bort stjärnljus och därmed upptäcka lågmassiva kompanjoner. Fastän denna teknik i dagsläget är begränsad till jätteplaneter på stora avstånd från stjärnan, har den möjliggjort att direkt upptäcka ljus som skickats ut eller reflekterats ur planetens atmosfär, vilket gör den till den mest lovande metoden för att karakterisera nya världar. Dessutom innebär kapaciteten att upptäcka ljussvaga objekt jämte värdstjärnan inte bara att det blir möjligt att upptäcka planeter, utan också lågmassiva stjärnor, bruna dvärgar och cirkumstellära ski- vor där planetbilding äger rum. Detta öppnar upp en lång rad av vetenskapliga riktningar där direkta observationer can användas för att förstå planetbildning, atmosfärsfysik, och stjärnevolution. I den här avhandlingen introducerar jag de fundamentala aspekterna av direkta avbildningstekniker, och diskuterar mekanismer för stjärn- och planet- bildning. Tre publikationer beskriver sedan min forskning inom ämnet, som var och en utgör en särskild vetenskaplig gren av högkontrast-avbildning. I artikel "I" upplöser vi och modellerar kvarlevor av stjärnbildnings-processen som i vårt solsystem representeras av asteroidbältet och Kuiper-bältet - en så kallad debris-skiva i systemet HD 32297, som studerats med Subaru/HiCiao. Våra observationer påvisar en disk med hög inklination, och ger de första in- dikationerna på en dubbel ringstruktur. Vi presenterar också den första pola- rimetriska mätningen av systemet, vilket hjälper oss att karakterisera egen- skaperna hos stoftet i skivan. I artikel "II" fokuserar vi på planeter, genom den första dedikerade storskaliga avbildnings-studien av cirkumbinära planeter (SPOTS: Search for Planets Orbiting Two Stars). Vi presenterar resultaten från observationer av 62 system med VLT/NaCo och VLT/SPHERE, och genomför en statistisk analys av utfallet, vilket avgränsar populationsegenskaperna hos jätteplaneter och bruna dvärgar i avlägsna banor kring binärerna. I artikel "III" upplöser vi slutligen ett trippelt stjärnsystem med den nyligen installerade in- tegralfältsspektrografen SCExAO/CHARIS. Vi drar nytta av den evolutionära homogeniteten hos multipla system och de olika stjärnmassorna i trippelsy- stemet för att bekräfta en tidigare uppmärksammad diskrepans i isokronåldrar mellan låg- och medelmassiva populationer av stjärnor. List of Papers The following papers, referred to in the text by their Roman numerals, are included in this thesis. PAPER I: Polarimetry and flux distribution in the debris disk around HD 32297 Asensio-Torres, R., Janson, M., Hashimoto, J., Thalmann, C., Currie, C., Buenzli, E., Kudo, T., Kuzuhara, M., Kusakabe, N., Abe, L., Akiyama, E., Brandner, W., Brandt, T.D., Carson, J., Egner, S., Feldt, M., Goto, M., Grady, C., Guyon, O., Hayano, Y., Hayashi, M., Hayashi, S., Henning, Th., Hodapp, K., Ishii, M., Iye, M., Kandori, R., Knapp, G., Kwon, J., Matsuo, T., McElwain, M., Mayama, S., Miyama, S., Morino, J., Moro- Martin, A., Nishimura, T., Pyo, T., Serabyn, E., Suenaga, T., Suto, H., Suzuki, R., Takahashi, Y., Takami, M., Takato, N., Ter- ada, H., Turner, E., Watanabe, M., Wisniewski, J., Yamada, T., Takami, H., Usuda, T., and Tamura, M. 2016, A&A, 593, A73. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201628543 PAPER II: SPOTS: The Search for Planets Orbiting Two Stars. III. Complete sample and statistical analysis Asensio-Torres, R., Janson, M., Bonavita, M., Desidera, S., Thal- mann, C., Kuzuhara, M., Henning, T., Marzari, F., Meyer, M. R., Calissendorff, P., and Uyama, T. 2018, A&A, 619, A43. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201628543 PAPER III: Isochronal age-mass discrepancy of young stars: SCExAO/CHARIS integral field spectroscopy of the HIP 79124 triple system Asensio-Torres, R., Currie, T., Janson, M., Desidera, S., Kuzuhara, M., Hodapp, K., Brandt, T. D., Guyon, O., Lozi, J., Groff, T., Kasdin, J., Chilcote, J., Jovanovic, N., Martinache, F., Sitko, M., Serabyn, E., Wagner, K., Akiyama, E., Kwon, J., Uyama, T., Yang, Y., Nakagawa, T., Hayashi, M., McElwain, M., Kudo, T., Henning, T., and Tamura, M. 2019, A&A, 622, A42. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201834688 Reprints were made with permission from the publishers. Author’s contribution Here I present a brief summary of my contribution to the papers presented in this thesis. • PAPER I I conducted all the analysis and modelling of the data, created all the figures and wrote the entire paper.

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