THE RELIGIOUS ESTABLISHMENT IN it h n Acas h a r ! SHITSM A STUDY IN SCHOLARLY AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT By JAWDAT K. AL-QAZWINI Submitted for the degree of PhD at the SCHOOL OF ORIENTAL AND AFRICAN STUDIES University of London 1997 /SIblN ILONDIN.) \UNIY,/ ProQuest Number: 10673072 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10673072 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Contents Acknowledgements ....................... i Abstract ............................................................................................................ ii CHAPTERI: THE SCHOOL OF BAGHDAD...................................................................1 The three faqihs .................................................................................................................................... 4 Intellectual complementarity of the three faqih s..............................................................................7 The intellectual aspects of the school of Baghdad ...................................................................... 13 Usui al-fiqh ...................................................................................................................................... 14 Comparative fiqh ........................................................................................................................... 17 Fiqh .................................. ................................................................................................................. 18 7/m al-hadlth ................................................................................................................................... 21 7/m al-rijal ................................................................................................................. ................... 23 CHAPTERII: THE SCHOOL OF AL-HELLA...........................................................................26 The development of rational thought amongst the YiiWo. fu qah a'.................................................30 The scholarly work of al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli ............................................................................36 The meaning of the word ijtih a d................................................................................................... 39 The three ‘Abbasid Caliphs ................................. 43 Nasir al-Din al-Tusi ..................................... 44 The scholarly works of al-‘Allama al-H illi ................................................................................... 47 Proclamation of ShTism as the official doctrine .............................................................................51 Al-Hilla after al-‘Allama al-Hilli .................................................................................................... 57 Points of conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 58 CHAPTERffl: THE SCHOOL OF JABAL ‘AM L.....................................................................60 The relationship between the ShTites of Bilad al-Sham and Iraqi ShlT jurists.............................61 Al-Shahld al-Awwal ...................................................................................... 64 The scholarly works of al-Shahid al-Awwal ................. ...............................................................70 Al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki ................................................................................................................. 73 Shl‘1 ‘ulama1 in the Ottoman and Safawid states ..........................................................................77 The struggle against al-Karaki ........................................................................................................ 79 The three Ithna‘ashari centres ........................................................................................................ 83 The intellectual aspects of the ShiT Ithna*ashari scholarly centres ..............................................85 Al-Shaykh al-Baha’i ....................................................................................................................... 89 The emergence of the Akhbari M ovement .....................................................................................92 The Akhbari Movement (the initial stage) .....................................................................................93 Al-fawa‘id al-madaniyya .............................................................................................................. 95 The differences between two schools .......................................... ...9 7 Al-Hurr al-‘Amili .................................. 99 The School of Karbala’ and the Akhbari Movement ................................................................. 100 Points of Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 104 CHAPTERIV: THE SCTOOL OF AL-NAJAF (THE FIRST PERIOD)..................................... 108 The Shi'i leadership and the appearance of the Wahhabi Movement ........................................ 111 The Akhbari Movement ( the revival stage) ............................................................................... 121 The Rashtiyya Movement ............................................................................................................ 124 The fuqaha ’ of al-Najaf ................................................................................................................ 128 Al-Qazwini in al-Hilla ................................................................................................... 130 Al-ShlrazI in Samarra’ .................................................................................................................. 133 The Tobacco fatw a ..................................................................................................................... 139 The foundation of al-Haraka al-Dusturiyya (the Constitutional Movement) ...........................142 The intellectual contributions of the School of al-Najaf (first phase) .................................. 149 -Al-isti ‘dad li-tahsil malakat al-ijtihdd (The necessary qualification required to achieve the aptitude for ijtihad ) ................................................ 151 -Kifayat al-usul and al-fUrwa al-wuthqa ................................................................................ 154 -Tanbih al-umma wa tanzih al-milla (Admonishing the umma and purifying the law ) 155 CHAPTERV: THE SCHOOL OF AL-NAJAF (THE SECOND PERIOD).............................. 162 The emergence of the Islamic Parties ......................................................................................... 170 The political program of Imam al-Hakim ................................................................................. 176 Al-KhuT's religious leadership .................................................................................................... 177 Al-Sadr's leadership ................................................................................... 180 The role of al-Sadr during the leadership of al-Khu’i ................................... 180 The emergence of the Islamic Revolution of Iran ..........!..........................................................1 8 4 The intellectual aspects of the School of al-Najaf (second phase) ............................................ 189 Al-Sadr's works ........................................................................................... 190 Al-Marja'iyya al-Rashlda (The guiding religious leadership) ................................. 192 The development of the curriculum ............................................................................................. 194 Al-Risdla al-‘amaliyya ................................................................................ 195 The philosophy of history in the Qur’a n................................................................................... 197 CHAPTER VI: THE SCHOOL OF QUMM................................................................. 200 Historical introduction .................................................................................................................. 200 Al-Shaykh al-Ha’iri ...................................................................................................................... 202 The mujtahids of Qumm ............................................................................................................. 204 Ayatallah al-Khumayni ................................................................................................................. 204 Wilayat al-faqlh ................................................. 206 The Hujjatiyya Movement ................................................................... 211 The Shaykhiyya ............................................................................................................................