PANHELLENISM AND THE BARBARIAN in Archaic and Classical Greece Lynette Mitchell PANHELLENISM AND THE BARBARIAN in Archaic and Classical Greece Lynette Mitchell The Classical Press of Wales First published in 2007 by The Classical Press of Wales 15 Rosehill Terrace, Swansea SA1 6JN Tel: +44 (0)1792 458397 Fax: +44 (0)1792 464067 www.classicalpressofwales.co.uk Distributor in the United States of America: ISD, LLC 70 Enterprise Dr., Suite 2, Bristol, CT 06010 Tel: +1 (860) 584–6546 www.isdistribution.com © 2007 The author All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN 978-1-910589-47-2 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Typeset by Ernest and Andrew Buckley, Clunton, Shropshire Printed and bound in the UK by Gomer Press, Llandysul, Ceredigion, Wales The Classical Press of Wales, an independent venture, was founded in 1993, initially to support the work of classicists and ancient historians in Wales and their collaborators from further afield. More recently it has published work initiated by scholars internationally . While retaining a special loyalty to Wales and the Celtic countries, the Press welcomes scholarly contributions from all parts of the world. The symbol of the Press is the Red Kite. This bird, once widespread in Britain, was reduced by 1905 to some five individuals confined to a small area known as ‘The Desert of Wales’ – the upper Tywi valley. Geneticists report that the stock was saved from terminal inbreeding by the arrival of one stray female bird from Germany. After much careful protection, the Red Kite now thrives – in Wales and beyond. For Stephen and James CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements ix Abbreviations xi List of figures xiii Introduction: Panhellenism and the barbarian xv 1. Panhellenism and the community of the Hellenes 1 2. Defining the boundaries of the Hellenic community 39 3. The symbolic community: utopia and dystopia 77 4. Cultural contestation 113 5. Time, space and war against the barbarian 169 Epilogue 203 Bibliography 215 General index 249 Index locorum 255 vii AckNowLEDGEMENTS This project was started during my BritishA cademy Post-doctoral Fellowship hosted by Oriel College, Oxford, and both the British Academy and Oriel College have continued to support it, particularly through the hospitality and kindness of Professor Ernst Nicholson of Oriel, and a British Academy small research grant which allowed me to travel regularly to Oxford, and to visit the National Archaeological Museum in Athens, and so to complete the monograph. The bulk of the book, however, was written in Exeter, and I owe a heavy debt of gratitude to colleagues for friendship and encouragement, and espe- cially to Stephen Mitchell, John Wilkins, Richard Seaford and David Braund, who read and commented on drafts. Peter Rhodes, Robin Osborne, Robert Parker and especially Chris Pelling also read the whole for me at various stages, and were generous with their time and their comments. In addition to all these, there are the many friends without whose kindness and support this book would not have seen the light of day, in particular Wendy Maull, Jenny Hocking, Caroline Huxtable and Shane Coombs. Especial thanks, however, must go to my family, to Stephen and to James. This book repre- sents a poor return for the way in which they have cherished and cared for me, but I dedicate it to them, with thanks. LGM May 2006 University of Exeter ix ABBREVIATIONS The following abbreviations for ancient authors and their works should be noted: [Apoll.] [Apollodorus], Bibliotheca Q.C. Quintus Curtius, History of Alexander Serv. Dan. Servius Danielis Periodicals are abbreviated as in L’Année Philologique, with the usual English divergences (e.g. AJP for AJPh). Note also the following abbreviations for modern sources (for full publishing details of items listed here, except standard collections of texts and reference works, refer to the bibliography): ARV 2 J.D. Beazley, Attic Red-figure Vase-painters, 2nd edn Buck C.D. Buck, The Greek Dialects, revised CAH Cambridge Ancient History Campbell D.A. Campbell, Greek Lyric: Sappho and Alcaeus, revised edition Davies EGF M. Davies, Epicorum Graecorum Fragmenta Davies PMGF M. Davies, Poetarum Melicorum Graecorum Fragmenta Der neue Pauly H. Cancik and H. Schneider (eds.) Der neue Pauly. Enzyklopädie der Antike DK H. Diels and W. Kranz, Fragmente der Vorsokratiker6 Fornara C.W. Fornara, Archaic Times to the End of the Pelopon- nesian War FGrHist Jacoby, Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker HCT A.W. Gomme, A. Andrewes and K.J. Dover, A Histor- ical Commentary on Thucydides, 5 vols. HW W.W. How and J. Wells, A Commentary on Herodotus, 2 vols. IG Inscriptiones Graecae, 14 vols. InvM O. Kern, Die Inschriften von Magnesia am Maeander IPriene F. Hiller, Inschriften von Priene ISE L. Moretti, Iscrizioni Storiche Ellenistiche Jouan/van Looy EF F. Jouan and H. van Looy, Euripide, vol. 8 (4 vols.):Fragments Kassel/Austin PCG R. Kassel and C. Austin (eds.) Poetae Comici Graeci, 8 vols. xi Abbreviations Kock Kock, Comicorum Atticorum Fragmenta, 3 vols. LIMC Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae Lobel/Page E. Lobel and D.L. Page, Poetarum Lesbiorum Fragmenta ML R. Meiggs and D.M. Lewis, A Collection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the End of the Fifth Century, revised edn NAM National Archaeological Museum, Athens Nauck TrGF A. Nauck, Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta, 2nd edn. OCD3 S. Hornblower and A. Spawforth (eds.) The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd edn OCT Oxford Classical Texts Page FGE D.L. Page, Further Greek Epigrams Page PMG D.L. Page, Poetae Melici Graeci Page SLG D.L. Page, Supplementum Lyricis Graecis Radt TrGF S. Radt, Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta RE Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft RO P.J. Rhodes and R. Osborne, Greek Historical Inscriptions, 479–323 bc Staatsverträge H. Bengtson, Die Staatsverträge des Altertums, 3 vols., 2nd edn Syll.3 W. Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecorum, 3rd edn Tod M. Tod, A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions, 2 vols. West M.L. West, Greek Lyric Poetry West IE/IE2 M.L. West, Iambi et Elegi Graeci I/II , 2nd edn West ThPhF M.L. West, Theognidis et Phocylidis Fragmenta et Adespota Quaedam Gnomica When referring to epigraphical sources, ‘=’ does not always mean direct equivalence, but that the section of the inscription discussed can be found in both places. Note on transliteration and translation I have used the Latinized equivalents for most Greek names, and, in the interests of accessibility, have used a transliterated form (with the nearest English equivalents) of a few more specialised terms and individual Greek words; in most cases, however, I have kept phrases and longer quotations in Greek. All translations are my own unless otherwise stated. xii LIST of FIguRES Page Fig. 1 Red-figured pelike, depicting Heracles slaying Bousiris, c. 470 bc. 56 Fig. 2 ‘Macmillan’ aryballos, Protocorinthian; pottery aryballos decorated in miniature with eighteen warriors, a hare- hunt and horse-race. 120 Fig. 3 Red-figured cup, depicting Greeks and Persians fighting, c. 490 bc. 127 Figs. 4a–c Moulded cantharus representing the heads of two females, one Greek and the other Negroid, janiform arrangement, c. 490 bc. 127 Figs. 5a–c Moulded cantharus depicting two heads, one female (European), one male (Negroid), janiform arrangement; inscribed: ‘I am Timyllus, as handsome as this face’, ‘I am Eronassa, very beautiful’. 133 Fig. 6 Pygmy rhyton, representing pygmy and crane, c. 460 bc. 133 Fig. 7 Pygmy rhyton, representing boy being eaten by crocodile, c. 460 bc. 134 Fig. 8 Moulded aryballos representing Negroid male (inscribed: ‘Leagrus is handsome’), 6th century. 134 Figs. 9a–b Attic red-figured oinochoe depicting naked Greek holding erect phallus and clothed Persian archer; inscribed: ‘I am Eurymedon. I stand bent over’, c. 460 bc. 135 Fig. 10 (and front cover) The Chicago Painter, pitcher (oinochoe) with Greek hoplite attacking Persian archer, Greek, classical period, c. 450 bc. 136 Figs. 11a–b The law against tyranny SEG( 12.87), thought to represent Demos being crowned by Democratia, 337/6 bc. 153 Fig. 12 Iran: Persepolis – Treasury. S portico of courtyard 17, depicting King with Crown Prince and attendants behind him. 155 xiii List of figures Fig. 13 Iran: Persepolis – Throne Hall, audience scene and guards of E doorway, N wall, W jamb. 155 Fig. 14 Iran: Persepolis – Throne Hall, enthroned King and attendant on E jamb, W doorway in S wall. 156 Fig. 15 Relief on IG ii2 112, the alliance between Athens, Arcadia, Achaea, Elis and Phlius. 156 Fig. 16 Iran: Persepolis, Harem of Xerxes, King and attendants on N doorway of the main hall, E jamb. 156 Poems by C.P. Cavafy ‘Waiting for the barbarians’ and ‘Returning from Greece’ from C.P. Cavafy: Collected Poems, translated by Edmund Keeley and Philip Sherrard, published Chatto and Windus. Reprinted by permission of the Random House Group. Copyright © from Collected Poems by C.P. Cavafy first published The Hogarth Press. Translation copyright © Edmund Keely and Philip Sherrard 1975 and 1984. Reproduced by permission of the estate of C.P. Cavafy c/o Rogers, Coleridge & White Ltd, 20 Powis Mews, London W11 1JN. xiv Introduction PANHELLENISM AND THE BARBARIAN Panhellenism: defining a phenomenon How we represent ourselves, both to ourselves and to others, informs the way that we act, the things that we do, and the choices that we make. From at least the mid-sixth century, the Hellenes imagined themselves as a community united by cult and kinship, and possibly language as well. They characterized themselves as a people who valued freedom, law and justice. Non-Greeks, on the other hand, did not share the same language or the same values as the Greeks and lived lives of luxury, as a consequence of which they were both enervated and enslaved to tyrannical rule.