Hurricane Resilient Design: For Multifamily Residential High-rises in Hawaii A D. ARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF ARCHITECTURE MAY 2015 By Michael J. Hill D. Arch Project Committee: David Rockwood, Chairperson Dean Sakamoto Ty Dempsey Keywords: Architecture, Hurricane, Resilient Design, High-Rise Abstract The problem motivating this research is the author’s belief that residential high- rise building’s vulnerability to hurricanes is not being addressed. Therefore, the general idea behind the research is to find out where those vulnerabilities are by looking at hurricanes science, significant historical hurricane events, building failures, building codes, and building guidelines. From the information gathered the author will propose mitigation strategies that when implemented respond to these vulnerabilities. Then using a theoretical case study location on the south shore of Oahu, Hawaii, to show how the mitigation strategies can be employed to protect those living in the coastal areas. i Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................. i List of Tables ........................................................................................................ v List of Figures .......................................................................................................vi Chapter 1. Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2. Research Methodology: ...................................................................... 6 Chapter 3. Hurricane Science............................................................................... 7 Definition and Structure of a Hurricane ............................................................. 8 Hurricane Structure ........................................................................................... 9 Hurricane Formation ....................................................................................... 10 Hurricane Prone Regions ................................................................................ 12 Hazards of a Hurricane ................................................................................... 13 Wind ............................................................................................................ 13 Wind Borne Debris ...................................................................................... 14 Storm Surge ................................................................................................ 15 Flood ........................................................................................................... 16 Flood Borne Debris ..................................................................................... 16 Tornadoes ................................................................................................... 16 Chapter 4. Historical Hurricane Information ........................................................ 17 FEMA MAT Reports ........................................................................................ 18 What is an FEMA MAT Report .................................................................... 18 Iniki MAT Report ............................................................................................. 19 Context ........................................................................................................ 19 Overview of Damage and Hazards .............................................................. 21 ii Lessons Learned ......................................................................................... 27 Katrina MAT Report ........................................................................................ 28 Context ........................................................................................................ 29 Overview of Damage and Hazards .............................................................. 31 Lessons Learned ......................................................................................... 37 Sandy MAT Report ......................................................................................... 39 Context ........................................................................................................ 40 Overview of Damage and Hazards .............................................................. 42 Lessons Learned ......................................................................................... 47 A Critical Look at Post Hurricane Disasters .................................................... 48 What this Means for Hawaii ............................................................................ 49 Chapter 5. Building Codes .................................................................................. 53 International Code Council, ASCE, and ASTM ............................................... 53 IBC and ICC-500 for Wind .............................................................................. 55 IBC and ICC-500 Codes for Flood .................................................................. 57 A Critical Look at Current Building Codes ....................................................... 59 What this Means for Hawaii ............................................................................ 60 Chapter 6. Going Beyond Code .......................................................................... 62 FEMA 361 Design and Construction Guidance for Community Safe Rooms .. 62 Protecting Building Utilities from Flood Damage: Principles and Practices for the Design and Construction of Flood Resistant Building Utility Systems ....... 64 Flood Damage Resistant Materials ................................................................. 65 Design and Construction Guidance for Breakaway Walls ............................... 71 Beyond Code .................................................................................................. 72 Chapter 7. Mitigation Strategies ......................................................................... 73 iii Material Selection ........................................................................................... 73 Building Organization ...................................................................................... 75 Defensible Perimeter ...................................................................................... 78 Bioswales and Permeability ............................................................................ 79 Wind Tolerant Form ........................................................................................ 82 Building Systems Hazard Mitigation ................................................................ 84 Water ........................................................................................................... 84 Electrical ...................................................................................................... 87 Elevated Pathways ......................................................................................... 90 Chapter 8. Designing for a Hurricane ................................................................. 92 History of Kakaako .......................................................................................... 93 Site Analysis ................................................................................................... 94 Implementation and Phasing......................................................................... 100 Funding ......................................................................................................... 107 Chapter 9. Conclusion ...................................................................................... 110 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 112 iv List of Tables Table 1 Saffir-Simpson Scale Source Michael Hill ................................................ 9 Table 2 FEMA Flood Resistant Materials Source Technical Bullet ..................... 66 Table 2 (Continued) FEMA Flood Resistant Materials Source Technical Bullet . 67 Table 2 (Continued) FEMA Flood Resistant Materials Source Technical Bullet . 68 Table 2 (Continued) FEMA Flood Resistant Materials Source Technical Bullet . 69 Table 3 Current Construction vs Hurricane Resilient Construction source Michael Hill .................................................................................................................... 109 v List of Figures Figure 1 Honolulu CDP Source http://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/op/gis/maps/2010_cdp_urban-honolulu.pdf .............. 2 Figure 2 Structure of a Hurricane Source NOAA.gov ........................................... 9 Figure 3 Formation Diagram from NOAA Hurricane Research Division Source NOAA.gov........................................................................................................... 10 Figure 4 Hurricane Region Source NOAA.gov ................................................... 12 Figure 5 Storm Surge Image Source NOAA.gov ................................................ 15 Figure 6 MAT Team in New Orleans September 2005 Source FEMA.GOV ....... 18 Figure 7 Iniki Path Image Source SOEST Hawaii ............................................... 20 Figure 8 Map of Kauai Source Google Maps ...................................................... 21 Figure