=2/ 9,=;87,1/ 80 =2/ =/695,;< ,7. 80 =2/ 8;./; 80 <=" 5,@,;>< 37 /715,7. 37 =2/ =?/50=2 ,7. =23;=//7=2 -/7=>;3/< 4NHM ?AKJEP , =HEQIQ <SBLIRRED FNP RHE .EGPEE NF 9H. AR RHE >MITEPQIRW NF <R" ,MDPEUQ %))% 0SKK LERADARA FNP RHIQ IREL IQ ATAIKABKE IM ;EQEAPCH+<R,MDPEUQ*0SKK=EVR AR* HRRO*##PEQEAPCH!PEONQIRNPW"QR!AMDPEUQ"AC"SJ# 9KEAQE SQE RHIQ IDEMRIFIEP RN CIRE NP KIMJ RN RHIQ IREL* HRRO*##HDK"HAMDKE"MER#%$$&'#&)($ =HIQ IREL IQ OPNRECRED BW NPIGIMAK CNOWPIGHR THE PATRONAGE OF THE TEMPLARS AND OF THE ORDER OF ST.LAZARUS IN ENGLAND IN THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES. A thesis presented for the degree of Ph.D. at the University of St.Andrews. by John Walker. (M.A. St.Andrews). 1990. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Acknowledgements. p. iv. Abstract. p.v. Abbreviations. p.vii. Introduction: A) The Templars and the Order of St.Lazarus: p.1. Origins and Development. B) The Sources. p.12. Chapter One. Patronage and the Crusades. p.39. Chapter Two. Full Membership and Lay Association. p.60. Chapter Three. The Family and Patronage. P.90. Chapter Four. Lordship and Patronage. p.153. Chapter Five. Social and Geographical Association. p.22I. Conclusion. p.241. Appendices. p.252. Appendix I. The Possessions of the Templars and the Order of St.Lazarus in England. p.253. Appendix II. The Templars during the Reign of King Stephen (1135-54). p.278. Appendix III. Genealogical Tables. p.288. Appendix IV. Maps. p.293. Bibliography. p.301. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I would like to thank the British Academy for the award of a Major State Studentship in 1986, without which this research project could not have been undertaken. I am additionally indebted to Professor Sir J.C.Holt and Dr.D.Crouch for allowing me to make use of their collections of royal and noble charters, and to Dr.R.D.H.Custance, the archivist of Winchester College, who gave me permission to examine the manuscript of the Temple Combe Roll. Furthermore, I should also like to take this opportunity to thank all the members of the Medieval History Department at the University of St.Andrews for the collective help and encouragement given to me during the past eight years as both an undergraduate and postgraduate. Grateful thanks are expressed to all my friends among the postgraduate community of St.John's House and of the University of St.Andrews as a whole, who have provided invaluable support over the past four years, and who have helped to keep research in perspective. I would also like to thank Jill Tate for her proof reading and cartographic skills. In addition, a huge debt of gratitude is owed to my supervisor, Dr.Simone C.MacDougall, who has been a source of strength and inspiration. Undoubtedly without her skill and guidance this thesis would not have seen the light of day. My thanks and apologies for the stress of the past four years are directed particularly towards her. Finally, I would like to express special thanks to my parents, whose constant, varied and unquestioning support has meant a great deal, especially during the production of this thesis. V ABSTRACT. The main focus of this study is the patronage of the Templars and of the Order of St.Lazarus, two of the Holy Land orders who came to England in the twelfth century. They were thought to be connected, and afford interesting comparisons in terms of their size, function, importance and geographical distribution. Although this thesis considers the nature of the patronage and the patrons of both orders, the main aim is to assess the motivations behind the benefactions that they received during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It is generally accepted that there was a basic spiritual motive behind the patronage of religious orders in the Middle Ages. Nevertheless, the motivations behind donations made to specific orders are not always clear. It is true that changing fashions in patronage towards particular types of order are of some importance. However, in order to explain the reasons why the Templars and Order of St.Lazarus specifically benefitted, it is necessary to consider factors relating to their own particular nature, as well as factors relating to the backgrounds of their patrons. The introductory part of the thesis considers the background of the two orders, their origins and development in the Holy Land, and their establishment in Europe and England. The rest of the thesis examines in detail the specific motivations of patrons. In this respect, the importance of the crusading background of the two orders is evaluated, and attention is paid to the numbers of patrons who went on crusade or who referred to the Holy Land in their charters of donation. In addition, the membership of both orders is considered in relation to the patronage of such members and their families. In particular, an vi assessment is made of the role of leper members of the Order of St.Lazarus, and lay associates of the Templars. In the final three chapters, the main concern is with the backgrounds of the orders' patrons. In this section a study is made of the patronage of large family grouping s for both orders. In addition, an examination of the significance of royal and baronial lordship on their patronage is carried out. Finally, the social and geographical associations of the patrons of both orders are considered, and particular note is made of the value of such ties for the Order of St.Lazarus in eastern Leicestershire. In conclusion, the various motivations to patronage for both the Templars and the Order of St.Lazarus are contrasted and evaluated. vii ABBREVIATIONS. B.L. British Library. Cal.Chart.R. Calendar of the Charter Rolls preserved in the Public Record Office (1226-1516), 6 vols. (London, 1903-27). Cal.Close R. Calendar of the Close Rolls preserved in the Public Record Office (Edward I-Henry VII), 22 vols. (London, 1911-62). Close Rolls of the Reign of Henry III Preserved in the Public Record Office 1227-1272, 14 vols. (London, 1902-38). Complete Peerage. G.E.Cockayne, The Complete Peerage, new edition, eds., V.C.Gibbs, H.A.Doubleday, Lord Howard de Walden, and G.H.White, 13 vols. in 14 (London, 1910-59). Cal.Pat.R. Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the Public Record Office (1232-1509), 52 vols. (London, 1891-1916). Patent Rolls of the Reign of Henry III Preserved in the Public Record Office, 1216-1232, 2 vols. (London, 1901-3). Dugdale, Monasticon. W.Dugdale, Monasticon Anglicanum, revised edition, J.Caley, H.Ellis and B.Bandinel, 6 vols. in 8 (London, 1817-30). E.H.R. English Historical Review. E.Y.C. Early Yorkshire Charters, i-iii, ed., W.Farrer (Edinburgh, 1914-6); iv-xii, ed., Sir C.T.Clay (Yorkshire Archaeological Society, Records Series, extra series), i-iii, v-x (Wakefield, 1935-65). Farrer, Honors. W.Farrer, Honors and Knights' Fees, 3 vols. (London, 1923-5). Fees. The Book of Fees commonly called Testa de Nevin, 2 vols. in 3 (London, 1920-31). Greenway, Mowbray Charters. D.E.Greenway, Charters of the Honour of Mowbray 1107-1191 (London, 1972). Inquest. B.A.Lees, Records of the Templars in England in the Twelfth Century. The Inquest of 1185 (London, 1935). Knowles and Hadcock. D.Knowles and R.N.Hadcock, Medieval Religious Houses: England and Wales, (2nd edition, London, 1971). viii Nichols, History Leics. J.Nichols, The History and Antiquities of the County of Leicester, 4 vols. in 9 (Leicester, 1795-1815). P.R. Pipe Rolls, 31 Henry I, ed., J.Hunter (Record Commission, 1833); 2-4 Henry II, ed., J.Hunter (Record Commission, 1844); 5-34 Henry II (Pipe Roll Society), various vols. between i and xxxviii (1884-1925); I Richard I, ed., J.Hunter (Record Commission, 1844); 2-10 Richard I (Chancellor's Roll for 8 Richard I) and 14 Henry III (Pipe Roll Society, new series), i-ix (1925-32); 1-14. 16-17 John (Pipe Roll Society, new series), various vols. between x and xxxvii (1933- 64); 2-5 Henry III (Pipe Roll Society, new series), various vols. between xxxix-xlviii, in progress (1972- ). P.R.O. Public Record Office. Red Book. The Red Book of the Exchequer, ed., H.Hall, 3 vols. (Rolls Series, 1896). Regesta. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum 1066-1154: III Regesta Regis Stephani ac Mathildis Imperatricis, eds., H.A.Cronne and R.H.C.Davis (Oxford, 1968). Registrum Antiquissimum. Registrum Antiquissimum of the Cathedral Church of Lincoln, eds., C.W.Foster and K.Major (Lincoln Record Society), 10 vols. (1931-68). Rot.Hund. Rotuli Hundredorum temp. Hen. III and Edw. I in Turr. Lond' et in Curia Receptae Scaccarii Westm. asservati, ed., W.Illingworth, 2 vols. (Record Commission, 1812-8). Sandford. "The Sandford Cartulary", ed., A.M.Leys (Oxfordshire Record Society), xix, xxii (1937, 1940). T.R.H.S. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. V.C.H. Victoria History of the Counties of England, ed., H.A.Doubleday et al, in progress (London, 1900-). 1 INTRODUCTION: A) THE TEMPLARS AND THE ORDER OF ST.LAZARUS: ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT. B) THE SOURCES. 2 INTRODUCTION. A) THE TEMPLARS AND THE ORDER OF ST.LAZARUS: ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT. The religious revival of the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries saw the rise of a host of new orders ranging from the Cistercians and Carthusians to the Augustinian and Premonstratensian canons. In addition, it also saw the development of the Military Orders which originated in the Holy Land after the capture of Jerusalem in 1099, and fulfilled a mixture of military, hospitaller, religious and political functions.