PLA Notes CD-ROM 1988–2001 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 15 REFLECT in Oxford, England Alison Norris · Introduction Another important part of working with REFLECT, is the chance it gives us to build relationships with educators from other In many ways Oxford is a prosperous city. A countries. This develops our own wide variety of educational opportunities are understanding of participatory education and available to its citizens, which raises the development issues, and gives us a strong question, why use REFLECT? Yet, despite basis for challenging racism and other Oxford’s advantages, many local people are prejudices and misconceptions about people in marginalised, particularly by class and race Southern countries. oppression. The existing educational systems preserve the status quo, either consciously or ODEC’s work with REFLECT as a consequence of long established hierarchical structures. We started work with members of Oxford’s ODEC, the Oxford Development Education different African Caribbean communities, who Centre, is a small NGO based at East Oxford face many challenges because they live in a Community Centre. Our aim is to make the white-dominated city. The Learning from Life world more just by achieving participatory project (LFL) was set up, in consultation with democracy through participatory education. community activists, to help highlight and act We adopted REFLECT as part of our efforts to on people’s concerns. close the gap between this rhetoric and the reality of our practice. ODEC already had a good relationship with senior citizens at the West Indian Day Centre Initially, we were interested in Paulo Friere’s and had helped them to produce a newsletter. work, but we struggled to make this process Many people reacted to one article that accessible to people. Our experience in described a growing communication gap England is that more people are writing about between older and younger African Caribbean and studying Freire than actually trying to people. Thus, a key part of LFL became to apply his ideas. We felt the need for more provide an opportunity for younger and older support from other practitioners. Both these people to learn from each other. problems spurred us to explore REFLECT. Our first focus was the tools, but as we learned The original project team comprised a member more, we were also impressed by: of the Day Centre, a white ODEC worker and a young African Caribbean worker recruited · the emphasis on the ‘whole approach’ specifically for the project. Together with (attitude of facilitators, tools and volunteers, they used semi-structured techniques, advocacy and action, rather interviews to start identifying participants’ key than just tools alone); issues, and, in February 1997, ran an · new ideas about how to build on people’s introductory weekend. Invited participants experience; and, were a mixed-group of about ten people who had shown interest in the project. · the emphasis on helping people to become creative facilitators, adapting and devising tools to suit particular circumstances. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Source: PLA Notes (1998), Issue 32, pp.61–64, IIED London PLA Notes CD-ROM 1988–2001 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Timelines and an educational resource to support further analysis. After icebreakers, the group made a timeline of the history of racism in Oxford. To make Participants held follow-up meetings and the timeline, the facilitators encouraged prioritised: re-starting ‘Saturday school’, participants to remember their arrival in surveying local people’s skills and resources England. Participants related incidents about and making a video about community their treatment at work, in church and in wider achievements. As time went on, meetings society. Next they drew pictures to illustrate dropped from once a week to once a fortnight these stories and put them in chronological and participants felt they only had enough order. Younger people added their pictures. resources to tackle one action plan at a time. Facilitators asked questions to deepen the They prioritised plans for the Saturday School, analysis e.g is this still happening?, why? called the ‘Young Achievers’ Academy’. The process drew people in. One story sparked For a variety of reaons, some participants another; more people started drawing. We dropped out but new people arrived. This could have worked on the timeline all day. caused some problems, as new members had Younger people commented: “It’s different. not been part of developing the original You don’t usually get the chance to hear the analysis. Sharing this analysis and giving older ones talk like this. It makes you realise newcomers a chance to contribute slowed what you have in common”. When the timeline down the work and frustrated some of the was finished, people were less reserved and people who had been involved from the start. had a lot more energy. They felt they had We find it is hard for facilitators and permission to say what they needed to say, participants to understand that you can’t just breaking the ‘culture of silence’. tell someone new what you have been doing and expect they will understand it. Pizza diagrams We are still struggling with effective ways to To deepen the analysis, the group made a deal with this practical problem. You can show graphic that they called a ‘pizza diagram’ (an new people the previous graphics that have adapted Venn diagram). Participants thought been generated, but we find that pictures have about the groups and institutions that more value as a reminder of participating in the process for those who created them. We influenced their lives, mounting these on different sized circles of paper, using the need to develop new ways of analysing the largest circles for the most powerful groups. same material, and concentrate on deepening They arranged the circles to show relationships our analysis each time. between the groups. This generated more energy - people were trying to clarify · Young achievers’ academy fundamental issues, such as ‘Is it more effective to work from the grassroots up or to After considering practical issues, (such as the lobby big institutions?’ People cared about age group of children to teach and how to getting their analysis right because they organise teaching), and more philosophical needed to make changes. issues, (such as the purpose and aims of the school), participants ran three information Outcomes evenings for parents. Preparation included talking to two of the organisers from the Using the pizza diagrams of power structures, previous Saturday school, to share ideas and to the group developed action plans. Initially, find out more about why the first school had they had been worried that it was going to be a closed after ten successful years. A key reason weekend of talk and no action, but the shared for this seemed to be over-reliance on one or analysis helped the group to decide on the two key organisers, which spurred people to many things they wanted to do. The graphics try and share responsibility for the new and the process were written up with the help Academy. of volunteer observers. As in the REFLECT literacy circles, this document is a summary ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2 Source: PLA Notes (1998), Issue 32, pp.61–64, IIED London PLA Notes CD-ROM 1988–2001 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ The deputy head of a local school was · to teach children about their roots and help supportive and after three pilot sessions, them have a positive identity; invited participants to a Governors’ meeting. · to teach critical thinking; Permission was granted to use the school · to create parental involvement and to liaise buildings on Saturdays throughout the with the community; and, academic year and the Academy has been · for the children to have fun. running ever since. REFLECT for ODEC and for advocacy Participants were pleased by the enthusiastic response of the children, but worried by the Using REFLECT on ourselves has been a key lack of pre-planning and creeping over- way of learning about the process. ActionAid reliance on two or three volunteers. We invited trainers ran a training of facilitators session for one of the organisers of the previous Saturday ODEC workers. Actions arising from this school to help facilitate a one day event to include: termly, participatory review meetings analyse progress so far. This was partly to help for all ODEC workers, increased sharing of participants but also to introduce the written reflections on the work, and visits from REFLECT approach to a potential new local and national politicians. The latter is part facilitator. The event was structured around the of our perceived need to know more about adult learning cycle (what have we done? what political decision making processes and how have we observed? what have we learnt? what best to influence these. will we do next?) and came up with three key action points. First, the workers needed to get to know each other better and share a vision. · Key lessons Second, it was important to sort out their roles, responsibilities, commitment, and identify a The process of participatory education, with a regular space for dealing with problems. Third, global perspective, changes everyone the teaching content needed to be addressed. involved, facilitators and participants alike. We have seen participants grow in confidence. Rivers As one Academy volunteer said: “Before, I was afraid to say anything in meetings, now I We started work on the action plans by asking just join in. I like the way you do it. You everyone to draw a river of their lives so far, probably know the answers, but you get us to using rapids to show hard times, calm wide think of them ourselves.” But of course, we flows for strong, peaceful times etc.. People don’t know the answers, we find them focused on the experiences that led them to get together.