TRABAJO FINAL DE CARRERA Licenciatura en Administración y Dirección de Empresas ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO DE LAS RELACIONES ENTRE CHINA Y AMÉRICA LATINA LOS CASOS DE CHILE Y VENEZUELA ALUMNO: Rubén Martínez Gómez DIRECTOR: Fernando García García Octubre 2015 Agradecimientos A Matt y Fernando, por su inestimable ayuda para la realización de este Trabajo. A mis amigos y compañeros de carrera, porque “siempre aportan”. A todos los que se han cruzado en mi camino durante mis estancias en el extranjero, por formar parte de esas experiencias tan enriquecedoras y por hacerme crecer como persona. A mi familia y amigos de la infancia, por ser y estar. A todos vosotros, gracias. Índice de Contenidos 1. Introducción ···································································································· 9 1.1. Resumen ················································································································· 11 1.2. Objeto del TFC y justificación de asignaturas····························································· 13 1.3. Objetivos ················································································································· 14 1.4. Metodología ············································································································ 15 2. Antecedentes ································································································· 17 2.1. China ······················································································································· 19 2.1.1. La Era de Mao ························································································································· 20 2.1.2. Reforma y Apertura ················································································································ 26 2.1.3. Conclusiones ·························································································································· 35 2.2. Latinoamérica y el Caribe ························································································· 38 2.2.1. Políticas ISI······························································································································ 38 2.2.2. Crisis de la deuda ··················································································································· 44 2.2.3. La CEPAL ································································································································· 48 2.2.4. Conclusiones ·························································································································· 50 3. Relaciones China-LAC ···················································································· 53 3.1. Política Exterior China-LAC ······················································································· 56 3.2. Relaciones Económicas ···························································································· 65 3.2.1. Comercio ································································································································ 65 3.2.2. Inversión ································································································································· 68 3.2.3. Financiamiento ······················································································································· 71 3.3. ¿Dependencia ó Complementariedad? ····································································· 75 3.4. Conclusiones y Perspectivas de futuro ······································································ 82 4. El Caso de Chile ······························································································ 87 4.1. Introducción ············································································································ 89 4.2. La importancia del cobre ·························································································· 98 4.2.1. Fondo de Estabilización Económica y Social (FEES) ····································································· 103 4.3. Relaciones económicas con China ··········································································· 106 4.3.1. Comercio ······························································································································ 107 4.3.1.1. Tratado de Libre Comercio ······························································································ 110 4.3.2. Inversión ······························································································································· 116 4.4. Más allá del cobre ·································································································· 121 4.5. Conclusiones ·········································································································· 131 5. El Caso de Venezuela···················································································· 135 5.1. Introducción ·········································································································· 137 5.2. La importancia del petróleo ··················································································· 143 5.2.3. Fondo para la Estabilización Macroeconómica (FEM) y Fondo para el Desarrollo Nacional (FONDEN) ··············································································································································· 149 5.3. Relaciones económicas con China ··········································································· 153 5.3.1. Comercio ······························································································································ 154 5.3.2. IED y contratos de construcción ··························································································· 156 5.3.3. Fondo Conjunto Chino - Venezolano (FCCV) y Financiamiento a Largo Plazo ····················· 163 5.4. Más allá del petróleo ····························································································· 168 5.5. Conclusiones ·········································································································· 173 6. Síntesis y conclusiones finales ···································································· 179 Bibliografía ········································································································· 195 Anexos ················································································································ 211 Índice de Tablas Tabla 2—1 Propiedad de la tierra en China antes de la Revolución ································································· 20 Tabla 2—2 Dinamismo de las exportaciones latinoamericanas, países seleccionados ···································· 40 Tabla 2—3 Crecimiento y peso relativo de la industria manufacturera y el sector agropecuario ···················· 41 Tabla 2—4 Participación sectorial en el valor agragado industrial, 1974 ························································ 42 Tabla 2—5 Síntesis de los elementos analíticos que componen el pensamiento de la CEPAL ·························· 49 Tabla 3—1 Balanza comercial de bienes LAC - China ($mill.) ··········································································· 66 Tabla 3—2 China, LAC y EEUU: evolución importancia relativa en el valor de sus intercambios comerciales · 67 Tabla 3—3 Lugar de China y EEUU en las Ex-Im de los 5 principales socios de China en LAC, 2014 ················ 68 Tabla 3—4 Flujos de IED recibidos por LAC, 2005 - 2014 (USD mill.)································································ 69 Tabla 3—5 Mayores préstamos/créditos chinos concedidos en LAC ································································ 72 Tabla 3—6 Top 5 Productos de exportación de países LAC a China, 2013/2014 ·············································· 77 Tabla 4—1 Lista de acuerdos económicos internacionales vigentes de Chile ·················································· 96 Tabla 4—2 Tributación GMP-10 y aportes EME a los ingresos fiscales ·························································· 101 Tabla 4—3 Evolución y descomposición del valor de mercado del FEES (USD mill.) ······································ 105 Tabla 4—4 Principales productos exportados a China en 2014: aranceles aplicables ··································· 112 Tabla 4—5 Principales productos importados desde China en 2014: aranceles aplicables ··························· 113 Tabla 4—6 Crecimiento promedio exportaciones ·························································································· 114 Tabla 4—7 Principales flujos IED recibidos desde China, 2005 - 2014 ···························································· 117 Tabla 5—1 Aportes al FCCV y Financiamiento a Largo Plazo (USD miles de mill.) ········································· 165 Tabla 5—2 Envíos de petróleo incluidos en los acuerdos con China (MBD) ··················································· 166 Índice de Figuras Figura 2—1 Formas de Organización Agrícola antes de 1957 ·········································································· 22 Figura 2—2 Mapa de las Zonas Económicas de China ····················································································· 30