ELLIOTT SCHOOL UNDERGRADUATE SCHOLARS THE 2012 ELLIOTT SCHOOL UNDERGRADUATE SCHOLARS RESEARCH PAPERS Editors: Jana Everett Adam Humayun Marisa Meyers WASHINGTON , D.C. | 2012 1 2012 ELLIOTT SCHOOL UNDERGRADUATE SCHOLARS & FACULTY ADVISORS Scholars Advisors Daniella Bienstock Prof. Gina Lambright Roberto Borgert Prof. Susan Aaronson José Curbelo Prof. Alexander Dent Rebecca Dauer Prof. Paul Williams Caleb Dependahl Prof. Robert Sutter Molly Dunton Prof. Cynthia McClintock Jana Everett Prof. Joanna Spear Ian Goldin Prof. Alexander Downes Saadiah Halil Prof. Alexander Dent Adam Humayun Dean Mike Mochizuki Elyse Inguanti Prof. Robert Shepherd Kazunori Koyama Dean Mike Mochizuki Marisa Meyers Prof. Bernard Reich Courtney Pendray Prof. Richard Skolnik Rebecca Remis Prof. Robert Shepherd GRADUATE STUDENT MENTORS Niloy Biswas Bo Liu Qinyu (Sabrina) Cao Lindsay North Melissa Fisher Lee Ridley Matt Grieger Elizabeth Sampson Elizabeth (Hollyn) Hammond Janene Sawers Stefanie Hausheer Anish Tailor Theodore Ho Jennifer Westervelt Jared Hutchinson 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS: FOREWARD 5 Michael Brown Dean of the Elliott School ABOUT THE PROGRAM 7 Annie Vinik Associate Director of Academic Advising and Student Services THE PAPERS: The Inefficacy of Pressuring Western Financial Institutions to Withdraw from Development Projects as Means of Achieving NGO Policy Goals: A Study of Two Anti-dam Campaigns in India and Turkey Roberto Borgert 10 Accordion Diplomacy: A Buffer State Musical Dilemma Jose Curbelo 29 The U.S. S trategy to Support the Disarmament of the Lord’s Resistance Army: A Blueprint for Success? Rebecca Dauer 50 Dialogue or Diatribe? Chinese and American Views on the South China Sea Caleb Dependahl 68 The Relationship Between the World Bank Group and Mining in Latin America Molly Dunton 90 Youth Combatants in Colombia: Reintegrating Colombia’s Demobilized Adolescents Jana Everett 115 Money as Ammunition: Condolence Payments in Iraq Ian Goldin 131 3 A Model to Follow? What Local Governments Can Learn from Curitiba, Brazil in Implementing Sustainable Urban Development Initiatives Saadiah Halil 153 Civil Society Development in Post-Gadhafi Libya: Challenges and Prospects Elyse Inguanti 167 When Mothers Become Martyrs: The Role of Female Suicide Bombers in Islamic Terrorist Organizations Marisa Meyers 187 Best practice for the Prevention and Treatment of TB/HIV Co-infection in Sub-Saharan Africa: Enabling Factors in Uganda Courtney Pendray 209 Organic Agriculture in China: Panacea or Trap for the Rural Poor? Rebecca Remis 226 FROM THE EDITORS 242 4 FOREWORD The George Washington University’s Elliott School of International Affairs has a three-part mission: educating the next generation of international leaders, conducting research on important global issues, and engaging the policy community in the United States and around the world. The Elliott School’s Undergraduate Scholars Program advances this mission by enhancing student capacities in all three areas. It strengthens the research, analytic, and communication abilities of some of our best students, and it provides these students with opportunities to develop high levels of expertise in key issue areas. This program also provides a platform for major research projects, and it enables students to develop policy solutions to pressing international problems. As you will see in the pages that follow, fifteen Elliott School undergraduates participated and excelled in the Undergraduate Scholars Program in 2011-12. These students identified important topics, designed and carried out innovative research projects, and contributed to our understanding of a wide range of international affairs issues. Their research areas included some of the most urgent problems facing the world today, including security problems (territorial disputes, terrorism, deadly insurgent groups, military balances, the challenges of post-conflict reconstruction), development problems (mining, energy projects, organic agriculture, the prospects for sustainable development), and public health problems (HIV/TB prevention and treatment). These projects also examined some of the most important actors (great powers, international organizations, nongovernmental organizations, civil society) and policy actions (great power interventions, military buildups, diplomacy, development projects) in the international arena. These research projects also spanned the globe – from Africa, the Americas, and Asia to the Middle East. In short, these fifteen scholars tackled a wide array of very important issues. The Elliott School Undergraduate Scholars Program supports independent research by providing undergraduates with a research stipend, a graduate student mentor, a faculty advisor, and a series of meetings focused 5 on advanced research skills and effective writing. These efforts culminated in an April 2012 conference, where the Undergraduate Scholars presented their research findings. In addition to contributing to the school’s education, research, and policy engagement mission, the Elliott School Undergraduate Scholars Program strengthened our academic community by bringing together undergraduate students, graduate students, faculty, and staff in highly interactive, enlightening projects. On behalf of the Elliott School and our students, I would like to thank the faculty advisors who shared their expertise and experience with these undergraduate scholars. In 2011-12, these faculty advisors were: Susan Aaronson, Alexander Dent (2 projects), Alexander Downes, Gina Lambright, Cynthia McClintock, Mike Mochizuki (2 projects), Bernard Reich, Robert Shepherd, Richard Skolnik, Joanna Spear, Robert Sutter, and Paul Williams. I would also like to convey our appreciation to the graduate student mentors who provided valuable advice and feedback over the course of these projects. In addition, I would like to thank Annie Vinik, Associate Director of the Elliott School’s Academic Advising and Student Services Office, for her administrative leadership of this superb program. Finally, I would like to thank and commend Elliott School students Jana Everett, Adam Humayun, and Marisa Meyers for their assistance in editing and producing this publication. I would like to extend my personal congratulations to the 2011-12 Elliott School Undergraduate Scholars on the successful completion of their projects and for their contributions to scholarship and policy analysis. You began your undergraduate years as consumers of knowledge. You are now producers of knowledge, and you are helping humanity understand important global issues. Bravo! Michael E. Brown Dean Elliott School of International Affairs The George Washington University 6 ABOUT THE PROGRAM This publication represents months of hard work undertaken by a special group of Elliott School juniors and seniors. These fifteen students – the fourth cohort of Elliott School Undergraduate Scholars – were selected to participate because the topics they proposed were well-conceived, compelling, and relevant to larger international affairs conversations. In these pages, you will find the products of the students’ curiosity and commitment to their research. The program’s goal is to help participants convert the potential of their topics into the finest research possible. Scholars come to the program armed with the strong international affairs foundation of an Elliott School education and a passion for their subject matter. Their paper topics are often extensions of research begun in the classroom or while studying abroad, and with the financial and programmatic support of the Elliott School Undergraduate Scholars program, participants shape their ideas into sophisticated final presentations and papers. At the heart of the program are the weekly class meeting sessions and the relationships that the program facilitates between the students and their faculty advisors, their graduate student mentors, and with one another. The cornerstone relationship with the faculty advisor affords each participant the opportunity to work closely with one of GW’s outstanding professors; the faculty advisors’ guidance and expertise enable students to conduct high - level research that can pave the way for future collaboration and scholarly exchange. Graduate student mentors, who are Elliott S chool master’s students, offer additional topical and practical support, as well as further academic and professional advice. Their willingness to help throughout the research process, as well as to share their own experiences and networks with the undergraduates, makes the graduate student mentors a key component to the success of the program. The cohort experience and the support that the Scholars provide one another are also crucial to the program. Weekly classes and additional small group sessions allow participants to develop their topics alongside one 7 another and provide ongoing feedback throughout the research and writing process. This consistent peer support enables the Scholars to discuss their successes and challenges with each other and to receive input from fellow students of international affairs. The individual’s research experience is thus enriched by collaboration with peers. Presentations by guest lecturers help students hone their research and writing skills and encourage them to envision their research goals beyond the Undergraduate Scholars program. At the outset, sessions devoted to advanced library resources, methodology, and research ethics are designed to help Scholars focus their research topics and techniques. As the semester