PLANT RESISTANCE AND ALTERNATIVE MANAGEMENT TO LYGUS LINEOLARIS (PALISOT DE BEAUVOIS), TARNISHED PLANT BUG, IN STRAWBERRY GENOTYPES, FRAGARIA XANANASSA, AND RASPBERRY, RUBUS IDEA USh. A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Guelph by CYNTHIA ANN ROUGOOR In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science November, 2008 © Cynthia A. Rougoor, 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-47822-6 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-47822-6 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada ABSTRACT PLANT RESISTANCE AND ALTERNATIVE MANAGEMENT TO LYGUS LINEOLARIS (PALISOT DE BEAUVOIS), TARNISHED PLANT BUG, IN STRAWBERRY GENOTYPES, FRAGARIA XANANASSA, AND RASPBERRY, RUBUSIDEAUSL. Cynthia A. Rougoor Advisors: University of Guelph, 2008 Professor A. Dale Professor R. Hallett Tarnished plant bug feeds on developing seeds and fruit tissue of strawberries. The wild species Fragaria virginiana displays resistance and has been crossed with commercial day-neutral strawberries, producing resistant hybrids. The purpose of this study was to elucidate possible mechanisms of resistance and rank the resistance of hybrids. The effect of pollen load was also examined. Field trials compared four commercial day-neutral cultivars on three farms in southern Ontario on a weekly basis. Cultivar Fort Laramie consistently had lower damage compared to other cultivars at all sites. Laboratory experiments verified resistance and assessed the relationship of pollen to fruit damage. Caged choice and no-choice bioassays determined families 703, 704 and 708 and Fort Laramie consistently showed resistant qualities and reduced damage. Susceptible plants with pollen had higher damage and resistant plants did not. This study shows resistant genotypes were consistent and that pollen load plays a role in susceptibility. &r^ ~I would like to dedicate this thesis to my grandmother, Helen Grimwood, for without her I wouldn't be the person that I am today, nor have such an appreciation of plants and insects. We miss you.~ 1 Acknowledgments: There are a number of people I would like to thank for their help and support during the completion of this project, I couldn't have done this without them. Many thanks to my committee and supervisors for help with production of this manuscript. I would like to thank the cooperators who facilitated the field component, John Cooper, Strawberry Tyme Farms Inc., Simcoe, Dan Tigchelaar, Tigchelaar Berry Farm Inc., Vineland, Paul Watson, Watson Farms Ltd., Bowmanville. I would like to thank Pam Fisher and Al Sullivan for their support, encouragement and help with promoting my research. Thanks to Michelle Edwards and Peter MaCaskell for their help with statistical analysis and the SAS programming. Thanks to Bruce Broadbent and Jay Whistlecraft for their help and expertise with establishing my tarnished plant bug colony. Also, thanks to Ray Hutchisen for helping produce the cages for my bioassays. I would like to thank Wally Andres and Larry Frost for technical assistance at the Simcoe Elesearch Station. A sincere thanks to Sarah Stephenson, my partner in crime, for all the support through the whole learning process and being the best office mate. A big thank you to Gary Pigeau for all his help and support, when things became overwhelming you were always there to reassure me. I don't know what I would do without you. Also, I would like to thank my family, especially my Dad, Mom and Cathy, for all their help, guidance support and understanding, thanks for being there for me. u Chapter 1 1 Literature Review 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Strawberry Production 2 1.2.1 Taxonomy 2 1.2.2 Botanical Description 3 1.2.3 Economics 4 1.3 Raspberry Production 4 1.3.1 Taxonomy 4 1.3.2 Botanical Description 5 1.3.3 Economics 5 1.4 Biology of the Tarnished Plant Bug 6 1.4.1 Taxonomy 6 1.4.2 Life History 6 1.4.3 Description 7 1.4.4 Distribution 9 1.4.5 Damage 11 1.5 Pest Management of Tarnished Plant Bug 14 1.5.1 Monitoring 14 1.5.2 Cultural Control 16 1.5.3 Biological Control 18 1.5.4 Chemical Control 19 1.5.4.1 Strawberry 19 1.5.4.2 Raspberry 19 1.5.5 Host Plant Resistance 20 1.6 Mechanisms of Resistance 21 1.6.1 Antixenosis 21 1.6.2 Antibiosis 23 1.6.3 Tolerance 23 1.6.4 Damage Variation in Strawberries 24 1.7 Conclusions 26 Chapter 2 2 Comparison of the susceptibility of four commercial strawberry cultivars to tarnished plant bug 28 2.1 Abstract 28 2.2 Introduction 28 2.3 Purpose 31 2.4 Materials and Methods 31 2.4.1 Experimental Design 32 2.4.2 Field Sites 32 2.4.3 Sampling and Damage Evaluation 33 m 2.4.4 Statistical Analysis 34 2.5 Results 37 2.5.1 Field Data Results in 2006 37 2.5.2 Incidence and Temporal Distribution of Tarnished Plant Bug in 2006 42 2.5.3 Field Data Results in 2007 44 2.5.4 Incidence and Temporal Distribution of Tarnished Plant Bug in 2007 44 2.6 Discussion and Conclusions 47 Chapter 3 3 Investigating Tarnished Plant Bug Resistance in Strawberries 53 3.1 Abstract 53 3.2 Introduction 54 3.3 Objectives 60 3.4 Materials and Methods 61 3.4.1 Insect Rearing and Maintenance 61 3.4.2 Plant Maintenance 61 3.4.3 Laboratory Trials 62 3.4.4 Experimental Design 64 3.4.4.1 Determination of Optimal Nymph Numbers 64 3.4.4.2 Determination of Susceptible Stage of Strawberry Development 65 3.4.4.3 Determination of Strawberry Fruit Susceptibility to Adult Plant Bug 65 3.4.4.4 Choice Bioassays: Resistant and Susceptible Strawberry Genotype Pairs 65 3.4.4.5 No-choice Bioassay: Resistant versus Susceptible Genotypes 66 3.4.4.6 Influence of Pollen Load on Damage Levels 66 3.4.5 Statistical Analyses 66 3.4.5.1 Determination of Optimal Nymph Numbers, Susceptible Stage of Strawberry Development and Susceptibility to Adult Plant Bug 66 3.4.5.2 Choice and No-choice Bioassays: Resistant and Susceptible Strawberry Genotypes 67 3.4.5.3 Influence of Pollen Load on Damage Levels 68 3.5 Results 68 3.5.1 Determination of Optimal Nymph Numbers 68 3.5.2 Determination of Susceptible Stage of Strawberry Development 71 3.5.3 Determination of Strawberry Fruit Susceptibility to Adult Plant Bug 71 3.5.4 Choice Bioassays: Resistant and Susceptible IV Strawberry Genotype Pairs 71 3.5.5 No-choice Bioassay: Resistant versus Susceptible Genotypes 73 3.5.6 Choice versus No-choice Exposure 76 3.5.7 Influence of Pollen Load on Damage Levels 76 3.6 Discussion and Conclusions 76 Chapter 4 4 Determination of Raspberry Fruit Susceptibility to Tarnished Plant Bug 86 4.1 Abstract 86 4.2 Introduction 86 4.3 Objective 87 4.4 Materials and Methods 87 4.4.1 Insect Rearing 87 4.4.2 Bioassay 88 4.4.3 Statistical Analysis 89 4.5 Results 90 4.6 Discussion and Conclusions 90 Chapter 5 5 Discussion and Conclusions 95 5.1 Discussion 95 5.2 Conclusion 106 5.3 Literature Cited 107 v List of Tables Table 2.1 Combined field analysis of fruit damage for 2006. 38 Table 2.2 Combined density analysis for 2006. 38 Table 2.3 Individual field analysis of fruit damage for 2006. 38 Table 2.4 Individual field severity index analysis for 2006. 39 Table 2.5 Individual field density analysis for 2006. 39 Table 2.6 Mean percent fruit damage, severity index of damage and mean number of tarnished plant bug nymphs and adults for (2006). 41 Table 2.7 Damage and severity index variation on mulch treatments for 2006. 46 Table 2.8 Nymph density variation amoung replications for 2006. 46 Table 2.9 Combined field analysis of fruit damage and severity index for 2007.