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ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WC1R 4EJ, ENGLAND 79225OB KIEFER, KATHLEEN ESTELLE STYLE IN JOHNSON *S "RAMBLER" P.APERSS THROUGH SYNTAX TO DISCOURSE ANALYSIS. THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, PH.D., 1979 COPR. 1979 KIEFER, KATHLEEN ESTELLE University Microfilms International 300 N. ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Ml '48106 © Copyright by Kathleen Estelle Kiefer 1979 STYLE IN JOHNSON'S RAMBLER PAPERS: THROUGH SYNTAX TO DISCOURSE ANALYSIS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Kathleen Estelle Kiefer, B.A., M.A. ******* The Ohio State University 1979 Reading Committee: Approved By James Battersby Edward Corbett Suzanne Ferguson Arnold Zwicky ^ Adviser ^ Department of English VITA June 3, 1953 B o m - Dayton, Ohio 1975 B.A., English and Philosophy, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio 1975-1976 University Fellow, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1976 M.A., English, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1976-1978 Teaching Associate, Department of English, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1978-1979 University Fellow, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Fields Eighteenth-century English Literature Rhetoric and Composition Applied Linguistics Prose Style Nineteenth-century English Literature ii TABLE OF CONTENTS VITA .......................................... ii LIST OF TABLES................................ iv LIST OF F I G U R E S .............................. vi INTRODUCTION . ............................. 1 THE METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY................... 54 CHARACTERISTIC TRANSFORMATIONAL FEATURES IN THE RAMBLER 65 FROM TRANSFORMATIONS TO DISCOURSE............. 92 CONTINUITY IN THE SERIES....................... 144 CONCLUDING REMARKS............................. 166 APPENDIXES A. A Note on the Representativeness of the Sample Rambler Essays ........................... 171 B. Transformational Rules Used in the Study . 174 LIST OF WORKS CITED ........................... 181 iii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Mean values of counts of essay and sentence length and sentence "type” based on 69 Rambler essays and the four categories: critical, letters, allegorical, and moral......... 38 2. Mean values for sentence arrangement based on 69 Ramblers and the four categories of essays......................................... 40 3. Mean values for types of subordinate clauses, verbals, transitions, and selected verb forms.......................................... 42 4. Mean values for the number of occurrences of sentence and independent clause counts in 69 Ramblers and 18 control essays.............. 47 5. Mean values for the number of occurrences of clause and verbal types, verb forms, and transitions in 69 Ramblers and 18 control essays.......................... ....49 6. Occurrences of conjoined verb phrases (VP), noun phrases (NP), adjectives (ADJ), and prepositional phrases (PP) in 18 Ramblers and 18 control essays................. 73 7. Occurrences of transformations for two classes of infinitives and all gerunds........... 82 8. Occurrence of Relative-Pronoun Insertion and Deletion Transformations. ..........84 9. Occurrences of Modifier Shift and Noun-Phrase Shift Transformations................89 10. Sentence relations in Rambler 1................. 115 iv V List of Tables continued. Table Page 11. Sentence relationships in Rambler 170. ..... 121 12. Sentence relationships in Rambler 131........... 130 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Tree-diagram of sentence 6 in Rambler 208........ 52 2. Tree-diagram of sentence 14 in Rambler 208. 54 5. The transformations from deep structure to surface structure for figure 2................ 56 4. Tree-diagram and transformations for sentence 36 in Rambler 208..................... 58 5. Tree-diagram of the first independent clause of sentence 23 in Rambler 208. ...... 60 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Despite continued interest in Samuel Johnson's style"*- and Basney, "'Ah ha!--Sam Johnson!— I see thee'i Johnson's Ironic Roles," South Atlantic Quarterly. 75 (1976), 198-211; F.V. Bernard, "A Stylistic Touchstone for Johnson's Prose," N&Q. (February, 1964), 63-64; E.A, Bloom, "Symbolic Names in Johnson's Periodical Essays," MLQC 13 (December, 1952), 333-52; H. Craik, "Johnson's Prose," English Prose. 4 (1894); B.C. Dubuque, "Samuel Johnson's Idlers; A Study of Satire, Humor and Irony," DA, 24 (1963), 2461; J, Dussinger, "Style and Intention in Johnson's Life of Savage." ELH. 37 (December, 1970), 564-80; W. Edinger, Samuel Johnson and Poetic Style (Chicago; University of Chicago Press, 1977); C.S. Emden, "Rhythmical Features in Dr. Johnson's Prose," RES. 25 (1949), 38-54; P. Fussell, The Rhetorical World of Augustan Humanism; Ethics and Imagery from Swift to Burke (Oxford; Clarendon Press, 1965); D.J. Greene, "'Pictures to the Mind'; Johnson and Imagery," Johnson. Boswell and Their Circle; Essays Presented to Lawrence Fitzroy Powell, ed. Mary Lascelies, et al (Oxford; Clarendon Press, 1965), pp. 137-58; W. Kenney, "Addison. Johnson, and the 'Energetick* Style," Studla NeophllologlcaB 33 (1961), 103-14; S. Krlshnamurti, "Dr. Johnson's Use of Monosyllabic Words," Journal of the University of Bombay. 19, n.s,, 2 (1950), 1-12; S. Krlshnamurti, "Frequency Distribution of Nouns in Dr. Johnson's Prose Works," Journal of the University of Bombay. 20, n.s., 2 (1951), 1-16; S. Krlshnamurti, "Vocabulary Tests Applied to (Dr. Johnson's) Authorship of the 'Misargyrus' Papers in the Adventurer." Journal of the University of Bombay. 21, n.s., 2 (1952), 47-62; S. Krlshnamurti, "Vocabulary Tests Applied to the Authorship of the 'New Essays' Attributed to Dr. Johnson," Journal of the University of Bombay. 22, n.s., 2 (1953), 1-5; S.W. Lindberg, "Johnsonian Irony; The Theory and Practice of Irony in the Prose Writings of Samuel Johnson," DA, 30 (1969), 2534A; E. Morgan, '"Strong Lines' and Strong Minds; Reflections on the Prose of Browne and Johnson," Cambridge Journal, 4 (May, 1951), 481-91; P. 0 eFlaherty, "Johnson's Idler; The Equipment of a Satirist," ELH. 37 (1970), 211-25; L.A. Orr, "Proper Words in Proper Places; The Prayers of Swift and Johnson," Enlightenment Essays. 5* ii (1974), 26-32; L. Bockas, "The Description of Style; Dr. Johnson and his Critics," DA, 21 (1961), 338-339; W.V. Reynolds, "Johnson's Opinions on Prose Style," RES. 9 (1933), 433-46; D.T. Siebert, "Samuel Johnson and the Style of Satire," DA, 33 (1972), 1180A-81A; E.G. Stanley, "Dr, Johnson's Use of the Word 'Also,'" N&Q (August, 1964), 298-99; A.M. Tibbetts, "The Satire of Samuel Johnson," 1 2 despite much critical attention given to the Ramblers, including 3 4 several source studies and notes on distribution and revision, Dissertation, Vanderbilt University, 1964} G.R. Tracy, "Democritus Arise! A Study of Dr. Johnson's Humor," Yale Review. 39, n.s. (1949), 294-310; W. Vesterman, The Stylistic Life of Samuel Johnson (Rutgers: Rutgers University Press, 1971); I.Watt, "The Ironic Tradition in Augustan Prose from Swift to Johnson," in Restoration and Augustan Prose (Los Angelesi University Of California Press, 1956), pp. 19-46. O G, Bullough, "Johnson the Essayist," New Rambler. June, 1968, pp. 16-33; J. Corder, "Ethical Argument and Rambler No. 154," Quarterly Journal of Speech. 54 (1968), 352-56; L. Damrosch, Jr., "Johnson's Manner of Proceeding in the Rambler." ELH. 40 (1973), 70-89; A.T. Elder, "Irony and Humour in the Rambler." UTQ. 30 (i960), 57—71; W »H. Graham, "Dr. Johnson's The Rambler." Contemporary Review. 184 (July, 1953)» 50-53; C.A. Knight, "The Writer as Hero in Johnson's Periodical