Runor Som Resurs. Vikingatida Skriftkultur I Uppland Och Södermanland. (Runes As a Resource

Runor Som Resurs. Vikingatida Skriftkultur I Uppland Och Södermanland. (Runes As a Resource

Runrön Runologiska bidrag utgivna av Institutionen för nordiska språk vid Uppsala universitet 20 Runrön Runologiska bidrag utgivna av Institutionen för nordiska språk vid Uppsala universitet 20 Marco Bianchi RUNOR SOM RESURS Vikingatida skriftkultur i Uppland och Södermanland Mit einer deutschen Zusammenfassung RUNEN ALS RESSOURCE Wikingerzeitliche Schriftkultur in Uppland und Södermanland Institutionen för nordiska språk Uppsala universitet 2010 Akademisk avhandling som för avläggande av filosofie doktorsexamen i nordiska språk vid Upp sala universitet kommer att offentligt försvaras i Sal IX, Universitetshuset, Uppsala, lör­ dagen den 22 maj 2010, kl. 10.15. Disputationen sker på norska och svenska. Abstract Bianchi, Marco, 2010: Runor som resurs. Vikingatida skriftkultur i Uppland och Södermanland. (Runes as a resource. Viking Age written culture in Uppland and Södermanland.) Runrön. Runologiska bidrag utgivna av Institutionen för nordiska språk vid Uppsala universitet 20. 278 pp. Uppsala. ISSN 1100­1690, ISBN 978­91­506­2126­6. The Viking Age rune­carvers and their readers used runes as a semiotic resource to convey and structure the messages on rune­stones. An analysis of the ways in which this resource is used together with other resources gives us a deeper insight into the relationship between writers and read ers and into the written culture in which the rune­stones were produced. The present study treats runic carvings as multimodal texts in which different semiotic modes produce meaning by visual and verbal means. The roles played by runes in such texts are stud ied from three different perspectives. The empirical study in chapter 3 investigates how the verbal messages of the inscriptions interrelate with ornamental compositions. The most important convention found is that runic inscriptions usually start in the lower left part of the ornamental band in which they are inscribed. A second result is that there is a certain cor rel ation between the visual and syntactic structure of runic texts. In chapter 4, Söderman­ landic inscriptions employing more than one writing system are investigated. These carvings can be tied to a context of high social ambition in which at least two different, socially stratified discourses are expressed by means of the runes as a visual semiotic mode. Chapter 5 is devoted to non­lexical inscriptions, showing that such carvings are indeed runic texts des pite their lack of verbal message. Different types of readers can use runic resources in different ways. Firstly, runes carry meaning independent of any verbal message, giving them significance even to illiterate read­ ers. Secondly, literate readers can appreciate certain conventions of runic composition and, thirdly, one and the same runic text can be part of different discourses and hence be aimed at different kinds of readers. Keywords: runes, runic inscriptions, rune­stones, Viking Age, rune­stone custom, rune­carver, runology, literacy, illiteracy, non­lexicality, visual semiotics, multimodality, sociosemiotics, written culture. Marco Bianchi, Department of Scandinavian Languages, Uppsala University, Box 527, SE­ 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden. © Marco Bianchi 2010 Sättning: Marco Bianchi Fotografi på skyddsomslaget: Sö 367 Släbro. Marco Bianchi, 2008. ISSN 1100­1690 ISBN 978­91­506­2126­6 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva­urn:121586 http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva­121586 Printed by Edita, Västerås, 2010 Innehåll Förord ............................................................................................................ 11 1. Inledning ................................................................................................... 13 1.1. Disposition ......................................................................................... 15 1.2. Syfte och metod ................................................................................ 16 1.3. Materialurval, translitterering och normalisering ...................... 19 2. Den multimodala runstenen ................................................................... 21 2.1. Runstenar i tiden: runor och senvikingatida mentalitet ............ 22 2.2. Runacy och literacy .......................................................................... 25 2.3. Teoretisk bakgrund .......................................................................... 29 2.3.1. Fundamental osäkerhet ............................................................ 29 2.3.2. Medial och konceptuell skriftlighet – om skriftkultur .......... 31 2.3.3. Sagt om läsaren .......................................................................... 34 2.3.4. Runtexten .................................................................................... 38 2.3.5. Vidgade runtexter ...................................................................... 42 2.3.6. Modaliteter och metafunktioner .............................................. 44 2.3.7. Multimodala strata: diskurs, design och produktion ............. 45 2.4. Begrepp, frågeställning och delundersökningar ......................... 48 3. Runorna och slingan ................................................................................ 52 3.1. Inledning ............................................................................................ 52 3.2. Frågeställning .................................................................................. 54 3.3. Materialurval .................................................................................... 56 3.4. Materialinsamling ............................................................................ 58 3.4.1. Slinguppläggning ........................................................................ 61 3.4.2. Placeringen av rundjurets huvud ............................................ 67 3.4.3. Placeringen av runinskriften .................................................... 67 3.4.4. Relativa mot absoluta positionsbeteckningar ........................ 68 3.4.5. Den syntaktiska strukturen ..................................................... 70 3.5. Textstart och textflöde .................................................................... 73 3.5.1. Textstart i A­slingorna .............................................................. 73 3.5.2. Några ristare .............................................................................. 78 6 3.5.3. Textflöde i B­slingorna .............................................................. 80 3.6. Språket och slingorna ...................................................................... 85 3.6.1. Slingorna och syntaxen: B­slingorna ....................................... 85 3.6.2. Visuella skriftenheter och formler ........................................... 90 3.6.2.1. Formlernas antal och fördelning ........................................ 91 3.6.2.2. Formlernas visuella och språkliga struktur ..................... 91 3.6.2.3. De visuella skriftenheterna ................................................ 95 3.7. Den multimodale Öpir ..................................................................... 100 3.7.1. U 922 – språkligt eller visuellt kaos? ....................................... 105 3.8. Avslutning ......................................................................................... 109 3.8.1. Runorna, slingan och senvikingatida skriftkultur ................ 109 3.8.2. Sammanfattning ......................................................................... 111 4. Runornas visualitet – variation av skriftsystem i Södermanland .... 115 4.1. Terminologi ....................................................................................... 117 4.2. Inskrifter med avvikande skriftsystem ........................................ 118 4.2.1. Rönö hd ........................................................................................ 119 4.2.2. Jönåkers hd ................................................................................. 136 4.2.3. Öknebo hd .................................................................................... 139 4.2.4. Österrekarne hd ......................................................................... 140 4.3. Skriftsystemen i Södermanland – och utanför ............................. 141 4.3.1. Koordinatrunor ........................................................................... 141 4.3.2. Runkryss och samstavsrunor ................................................... 142 4.3.3. Ett stavlöst grafematiskt system? .......................................... 144 4.3.4. Runvarianter i ett senvikingatida skriftkontinuum ............. 149 4.4. Visuella och språkliga uttrycksmedel ........................................... 151 4.4.1. »Traen» och Järnagruppen ....................................................... 152 4.4.2. Vad skrivs med avvikande skriftsystem? ............................... 155 4.4.3. Tägnar, ansikten och skepp – spår av en visuell grammatik 156 4.5. Avslutning ......................................................................................... 162 4.5.1. Runornas visualitet och senvikingatida skriftkultur ............ 162 4.5.2. Sammanfattning ......................................................................... 163 5. »Runkunnig, men knappast språkkunnig» – icke­lexikala inskrifter ................................................................................................... 165 5.1. Inledning ............................................................................................ 165 5.1.1. Frågeställning ...........................................................................

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