VU Research Portal Absolute Long-distance measurements with (sub)-micrometer accuracy for formation flight applications Flatscher, R.; Cabral, A.; Abreu, M.; Verlaan, A.L.; Witte, S.; Ubachs, W.M.G. 2008 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Flatscher, R., Cabral, A., Abreu, M., Verlaan, A. L., Witte, S., & Ubachs, W. M. G. (2008). Absolute Long- distance measurements with (sub)-micrometer accuracy for formation flight applications. ESA report 20183/NL/HE. 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Oct. 2021 DOC.NO. : HAALDM-Final Report VOL : 1 TNO SCIENCE and INDUSTRY ISSUE : 1 DATE : December 10, 2008 Advanced Precision and Production Equipment PAGE : 1 of 182 DRL.NO. : APPE-RAP-2008-03629 Final Report Compilation of updated Technical Notes produced under this contract, including performance models and any produced output files. Name Signature R. Flatscher (ASG) Prepared by A. Cabral and M. Abreu (INETI) A.L. Verlaan (TNO) S. Witte W. U bachs (LCVU) Checked by Approved by This document contains Copying of (parts) of this proprietary information of TNO. document is forbidden without All rights reserved. prior permission. DOC.NO. : HAALDM-Final Report VOL : 1 TNO SCIENCE and INDUSTRY ISSUE : 1 DATE : December 10, 2008 Advanced Precision and Production Equipment PAGE : 2 of 182 DRL.NO. : APPE-RAP-2008-03629 DISTRIBUTION LIST External: TNO: • ESA ESTEC 8x Archive 1x DOCUMENT CHANGE RECORD Issue Date Number of pages Short description Page 1 See header See header New document All This document contains Copying of (parts) of this proprietary information of TNO. document is forbidden without All rights reserved. prior permission. DOC.NO. : HAALDM-Final Report VOL : 1 TNO SCIENCE and INDUSTRY ISSUE : 1 DATE : December 10, 2008 Advanced Precision and Production Equipment PAGE : 3 of 182 DRL.NO. : APPE-RAP-2008-03629 List of Contents 1 DOCUMENTS & ABBREVIATIONS .....................................................................................10 1.1 APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS .................................................................................................................10 1.2 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS .................................................................................................................10 1.3 ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................11 2 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................13 3 REVIEW OF TECHNOLOGY ................................................................................................14 3.1 CONTROL OF THE FS -LASER PARAMETERS .........................................................................................14 3.1.1 The frequency comb principle....................................................................................................14 3.1.2 Repetition frequency..................................................................................................................15 3.1.3 Tuning the repetition frequency .................................................................................................18 3.1.4 Carrier-envelope offset frequency .............................................................................................19 3.1.5 Implementation of the f-to-2f scheme ........................................................................................19 3.1.6 Spectral broadening mechanisms and nonlinear fibers ............................................................24 3.2 TYPES OF FEMTOSECOND LASERS FOR FREQUENCY COMB APPLICATIONS ............................................29 3.2.1 Ti:Sapphire laser........................................................................................................................31 3.2.2 Erbium fiber laser.......................................................................................................................32 3.2.3 Cr:LiSAF, Cr:LiCAF and Cr:LiSGaF lasers................................................................................34 3.2.4 Cr:Forsterite laser ......................................................................................................................35 3.2.5 Cr:YAG laser..............................................................................................................................36 3.2.6 Cr:ZnS, Cr:ZnSe, Cr:CdSe lasers..............................................................................................37 3.2.7 Diode lasers...............................................................................................................................38 3.3 PRACTICAL ISSUES IN FREQUENCY COMB GENERATION .......................................................................38 3.3.1 The LCVU frequency comb stabilization scheme......................................................................39 3.3.2 Spectral broadening and practical f-to-2f interferometry ...........................................................40 3.3.3 Cavity design and modelocking considerations.........................................................................42 3.3.4 RF frequency references ...........................................................................................................44 3.3.5 Pump laser considerations ........................................................................................................45 3.3.6 Laser pulse characteristics ........................................................................................................46 3.4 DETECTION OF FS -LASER PULSES .....................................................................................................46 3.4.1 Incoherent fs-pulse detection.....................................................................................................48 3.4.2 Coherent fs-pulse cross-correlation detection ...........................................................................49 3.5 HAALDM CONCEPTS IN LITERATURE AND CONTEXT ...........................................................................55 4 FEMTO-SECOND LASER BASED CONCEPTS ..................................................................61 4.1 EH - ELECTRIC HETERODYNING ........................................................................................................61 This document contains Copying of (parts) of this proprietary information of TNO. document is forbidden without All rights reserved. prior permission. DOC.NO. : HAALDM-Final Report VOL : 1 TNO SCIENCE and INDUSTRY ISSUE : 1 DATE : December 10, 2008 Advanced Precision and Production Equipment PAGE : 4 of 182 DRL.NO. : APPE-RAP-2008-03629 4.2 OHFSE - OPTICAL HETERODYNING WITH FREP SCAN AND INTENSITY CROSS CORRELATION ENVELOPE DETECTION ....................................................................................................................................................62 4.3 OH2LE - OPTICAL HETERODYNING WITH 2 FS -LASER PHASE TUNING AND INTENSITY CROSS CORRELATION ENVELOPE DETECTION .............................................................................................................63 4.4 OHOSE - OPTICAL HETERODYNING WITH OPD SCAN AND INTENSITY CROSS CORRELATION ENVELOPE DETECTION ....................................................................................................................................................64 4.5 OHFSF - OPTICAL HETERODYNING WITH FREP SCAN AND INTERFEROMETRIC CROSS CORRELATION FRINGE DETECTION ........................................................................................................................................64 4.6 OHFSSSF - OPTICAL HETERODYNING WITH FREP SCAN AND INTERFEROMETRIC CROSS CORRELATION SINGLE SHOT FRINGE DETECTION ..................................................................................................................65 4.7 OHD - OPTICAL HETERODYNING WITH DISPERSIVE TIME TO SPACE CONVERSION ...............................65 4.8 POWER CONSUMPTION FOR THE DIFFERENT DETECTION METHODS ....................................................66 4.9 COMMON ISSUES ..............................................................................................................................68 4.9.1 fs-Combs and Coherence Length ..............................................................................................68 4.9.2 Unbalanced beams ....................................................................................................................69 4.9.3 Material Dispersion ....................................................................................................................70