MILITIAS AS A COUNTERINSURGENCY STRATEGY IN PAKISTAN (2002-2013) Submitted By: Mr. Rahman Ullah Ph.D. Scholar Research Supervisor: Assistant Professor. Dr. Syed Sami Raza DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR Session: 2011-2012 DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my wife, Sajila Naz, and my children Zahran Ahmad, Manahil Rahman, Hooriya Rahman and Azlan Ahmad CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgment ................................................................................................... v Chapter 1 .............................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1 1.1 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................. 1 1.2 Theoretical Framework .................................................................................... 2 1.3 Literature Review ............................................................................................ 5 1.4 Definitions ..................................................................................................... 11 1.4.1 Insurgency ............................................................................................. 11 1.4.2 Terrorism .............................................................................................. 12 1.4.3 Insurgency Versus Terrorism ............................................................... 12 1.4.4 Counterinsurgency ................................................................................ 13 1.5 Methodology .................................................................................................. 13 1.6 Case Study ..................................................................................................... 14 1.7 Objectives of the Study .................................................................................. 14 1.8 Research Questions ........................................................................................ 15 1.9 Significance of the Study ............................................................................... 15 1.10 Organisation of the Study ............................................................................ 16 1.10.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 16 1.10.2 Historiography of Militias in FATA, KP ............................................ 16 1.10.3 Composition, Operations and Role of Militias in FATA, KP ............ 17 1.10.4 Legality of Arming Civil Population .................................................. 17 1.10.5 Assessing Militias Strategy and the Prospects of Civil War ............. 17 1.11 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 18 Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................ 19 HISTORIOGRAPHY OF MILITIAS (LASHKARS) IN FATA, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA ............................................................................................ 19 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Concept and Historiography .......................................................................... 19 2.3 Formation of Anti-Taliban Militias In FATA ............................................... 28 2.4 Mohmand Agency ......................................................................................... 29 2.4.1 Anti-Taliban Militia, Ziarat Adamzai ................................................... 29 2.4.2 Anti-Taliban Militias in Gurbaz, Tehsil Safi ........................................ 31 2.4.3 Anti-Taliban Militias in Manzari Cheena, Baizai ................................ 31 2.4.4 Anti-Taliban Militias in Wocha Jawara, Khwaizai .............................. 32 2.5 Khyber Agency .............................................................................................. 32 2.5.1 Tauheed-ul-Islam in Zakhakhel ............................................................ 32 2.5.2 Anti-Taliban Militias in Bara ............................................................... 33 2.5.3 Ansar-ul-Islam in Tirah Valley............................................................. 33 2.6 Bajaur Agency ............................................................................................... 34 2.6.1 Anti-Taliban Militias in Salarzai .......................................................... 34 2.6.2 Tarkani .................................................................................................. 34 2.6.3 Utman Khel .......................................................................................... 34 2.6.4 Anti-Taliban Militias in Wara Mamond ............................................... 35 2.6.5 Anti-Taliban Militias in Lio Mamond .................................................. 35 2.7 Formation of Anti-Taliban Militias In KP ..................................................... 36 i 2.7.1 Anti-Taliban Militias in Swat .............................................................. 36 2.7.2 Anti-Taliban Militias in Damghar ....................................................... 37 2.7.3 Anti-Taliban Militias in Bara Banda ................................................... 37 2.7.4 Swat Qaumi Aman Jirga ...................................................................... 39 2.7.5 Anti-Taliban Militias in Hayagi Serai .................................................. 42 2.7.6 Anti-Taliban Militias in Mashogagar .................................................. 42 2.8 Traditional Versus Anti-Taliban Militias ...................................................... 43 2.9 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 44 Chapter 3 ............................................................................................................ 46 COMPOSITION, OPERATIONS AND ROLE OF MILITIAS ................... 46 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 46 3.2 Conceptual Understanding ............................................................................. 46 3.2.1 Composition and Operations of Militias in Pakistan ............................ 48 3.3 Composition of Militias In Fata ..................................................................... 49 3.3.1 Mohmand Agency ................................................................................ 49 Ziarat Adamzai, Safi ...................................................................................... 49 Gurbaz, Safi ................................................................................................... 50 Manzari Cheena, Baizai ................................................................................. 51 Wocha Jawara, Khwaizai .............................................................................. 52 3.3.2 Khyber Agency ..................................................................................... 53 Tauheed-ul-Islam in Landikotal .................................................................... 53 Akakhel Lashkar in Bara ............................................................................... 54 Ansar-ul-Islam in Tirah Valley...................................................................... 55 3.3.3 Bajaur Agency ...................................................................................... 56 Pashat, Salarzai .............................................................................................. 56 Wara Mamond ............................................................................................... 56 3.4 Operations of Militias In FATA .................................................................... 56 3.4.1 Mohmand Agency ................................................................................ 57 Ziarat Adamzai, Safi ...................................................................................... 57 Gurbaz, Safi ................................................................................................... 57 Manzari Cheenam, Baizai ............................................................................. 57 Wocha Jawara, Khwaizai .............................................................................. 58 3.4.2 Khyber Agency ..................................................................................... 58 Tauheed-ul-Islam in Landikotal .................................................................... 58 Akakhel in Bara ............................................................................................. 59 Ansar-ul-Islam in Tirah valley ...................................................................... 59 3.4.3 Bajaur ................................................................................................... 59 Pashat, Salarzai .............................................................................................. 59 Wara Mamond ............................................................................................... 59 Loi Mamond .................................................................................................. 60 3.5 Composition of Militias In