The Portrayal of White Organized Racist Characters on Television How White Organized Racist Characters are Portrayed in Oz, Sons of Anarchy, and Justified By: Gina Benedicte Halvorsen A Thesis Presented To: The Department of Literature, Area Studies, and European Languages. North-American Area Studies Faculty of Humanities In Partial Fulfillment for the MA Degree UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Fall 2012 © Gina Benedicte Halvorsen 2012 The Portrayal of White Organizt Racist Characters on Television Gina Benedicte Halvorsen http://www.duo.uio.no/ Trykk: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo II Abstract: The purpose of this thesis is to look at how white organized racist characters are portrayed on television by taking a closer look at the white organized racist characters portrayed in Oz, Sons of Anarchy and Justified. It will look closer at how the social class and social status of these characters have been defined and portrayed. It will also look at how the white organized racist characters perform their gender and what types of masculinity they display, and analyze the usage of racist symbols in the form of tattoos. This thesis will show that all of the white organized racist characters portrayed in Oz, Sons of Anarchy, and Justified are male. Most of these male characters belong to a lower social class and they use social status to gain control over their environment, and to be able to advance within their society. The male characters perform their gender with intensity and as high-powered men. Most of these men show violent tendencies and little regard for the lives and wellbeing of others. All three shows frequently use tattoos displaying racist symbols. These tattoos are used intentionally and help confirm the level of loyalty each character has towards their own lives as a white organized racist. III Acknowledgments: I want to thank my advisor, Deborah Kitchen-Døderlein, for her guidance and inspiration while working on this thesis. I also want to thank her for being such a wonderful teacher through several years. I want to thank my family and friends for their support, encouragement and for always having my back. Special thanks go to my boyfriend, Øivind, for his encouragement and for always believing in me, for his support and for putting up with countless hours of listening to me speak endlessly about the characters analyzed in this thesis. I also want to give special thanks to my friend, Lene, for always being there, for believing in me, and for cheering me on. I also want to thank those who have taken the time to read through unfinished drafts and for giving me valuable feedback. IV V VI Innholdsfortegnelse Chapter One: .............................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 Focus and Approaches ........................................................................................................... 1 Research Question .................................................................................................................. 2 Primary Sources ..................................................................................................................... 3 Oz ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Sons of Anarchy ..................................................................................................................... 7 Justified .................................................................................................................................. 9 The Real Hate Movement .................................................................................................... 11 Counterculture and Social Movement .................................................................................. 13 Hate Groups .......................................................................................................................... 15 The Hate Groups in Oz, Sons of Anarchy, and Justified ..................................................... 20 Genres of Television and Antagonist Characters ................................................................. 22 Antagonists ........................................................................................................................... 24 Total Institutions .................................................................................................................. 25 Method ................................................................................................................................. 27 Internal Chapters .................................................................................................................. 28 Chapter Two: ............................................................................................................................ 29 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 29 Social class and Social Status in Oz ..................................................................................... 31 Social Class and Social Status in Sons of Anarchy .............................................................. 36 Social Class and Social Status in Justified ........................................................................... 38 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 46 Chapter Three: .......................................................................................................................... 47 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 47 The Aryan Brotherhood and Hyper-Masculinity in Oz ........................................................ 51 James Robson ....................................................................................................................... 57 Darby and Weston in Sons of Anarchy................................................................................. 60 Boyd Crowder: A Destructive Force .................................................................................... 64 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 67 Chapter Four: ............................................................................................................................ 69 VII Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 69 Types of tattoos shown and their significance ..................................................................... 73 The Significance of Racist Symbols .................................................................................... 75 The Presentation of Racist Tattoos to the Audience ............................................................ 79 The Role Tattoos Play in the Telling of a Storyline ............................................................. 83 Tattoos in Oz ........................................................................................................................ 88 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 95 Chapter Five: ............................................................................................................................ 96 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 101 Primary Sources: ................................................................................................................ 101 Secondary Sources: ............................................................................................................ 102 VIII Chapter One: “The Portrayal of White Organized Racist Characters on Television: Oz, Sons of Anarchy and Justified” Introduction Most of the white organized racist characters in Oz, Sons of Anarchy, and Justified are violent and angry men who are in a constant battle for power and survival. Their portrayal and storylines contain several murders, murder attempts, rapes, and other violent acts performed by a white organized racist. When Boyd Crowder, one of the main characters in Justified, makes a promise to kill you if you pursue him, one is well advised to take his threat seriously. The same is true for the white organized racist characters in Oz and Sons of Anarchy, but is there more to their portrayal than violence? Focus and Approaches The purpose of this thesis is to identify and analyze how white organized racist characters are portrayed on television. The primary sources have been carefully selected and include some of the more developed white organized racist characters on television. After carefully reviewing television shows that have featured at least one white organized racist character in at least one episode, only three shows seem to be viable for analysis in this thesis. All of the episodes that have been screened aired between 1990 and 2010. Most of the shows feature a white organized racist character in a small guest role. Some feature a white organized