Published by Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments (GLORIA), Austrian Academy of Sciences & University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria, with support of the European Union, MAVA Foundation for Nature Conservation, Consortium for Integrated Research in Western Mountains (CIRMOUNT), Consortium for Sustainable Development of the Andean Ecoregion (CONDESAN), Missouri Botanical Garden, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) and a number of further supporters (see the acknowledgements) Copyright © GLORIA 2015 Published March 2015 Coordinating authors and editors Harald Pauli, Michael Gottfried, Andrea Lamprecht, Sophie Niessner, Sabine Rumpf, Manuela Winkler, Klaus Steinbauer & Georg Grabherr Layout Branko Bily ISBN 978-92-79-45694-7 (electronic) doi 10.2777/095439 Note The opinions expressed are those of the author(s) only and should not be considered as representative of the official position of the European Commission nor of any of the other supporters. This publication may be downloaded and / or reproduced only for personal research or educational purposes. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Citation Pauli, H.; Gottfried, M.; Lamprecht, A.; Niessner, S.; Rumpf, S.; Winkler, M.; Steinbauer, K. and Grabherr, G., coordinating authors and editors (2015). The GLORIA field manual – standard Multi-Summit approach, supplementary methods and extra approaches. 5th edition. GLORIA-Coordination, Austrian Academy of Sciences & University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna. ENVIRONM E EN IN T P S L A N I E V I T A I T G I GLORIA L N O I B H A C L R O A E B S S E E R R V N A O T I THE GLORIA* FIELD MANUAL STANDARD MULTI-SUMMIT APPROACH, SUPPLEMENTARY METHODS AND EXTRA APPROACHES 5TH EDITION *Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments THE GLORIA* FIELD MANUAL STANDARD MULTI-SUMMIT APPROACH, SUPPLEMENTARY METHODS AND EXTRA APPROACHES *Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments COORDINATING AUTHORS AND EDITORS Harald Pauli, Michael Gottfried, Andrea Lamprecht, Sophie Niessner, Sabine Rumpf, Manuela Winkler, Klaus Steinbauer & Georg Grabherr GLORIA COORDINATION Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences & Center for Global Change and Sustainability, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna Silbergasse 30/3, A-1190 Vienna, Austria Email: [email protected] www.gloria.ac.at CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS1 Otari Abdaladze (Tbilisi, GE), Nikolay Aguirre (Loja, NZ), Rosa Isela Meneses (La Paz, BO), Abderrahmane EC), Maia Akhalkatsi (Tbilisi, GE), Martha Apple (Butte, Merzouki (Tetouan, MA), Ottar Michelsen (Trondheim, Montana, US), Igor Artemov (Novosibirsk, RU), Peter NO), Yuri Mikhailov (Yekaterinburg, RU), Constance I. Barancok (Bratislava, SK), Adelia Barber (Santa Cruz, Millar (Albany, California, US), Andrea Mochet Mammoliti California, US), Stephan Beck (La Paz, BO), Lindsey E (Aosta, IT), Dmitry Moiseev (Yekaterinburg, RU), Pavel Bengtson (West Glacier, Montana, US), José Luis Benito Moiseev (Yekaterinburg, RU), Ulf Molau (Göteborg, SE), Alonso (Jaca, ES), Catie Bishop (Oroville, California, US), Joaquín Molero Mesa (Granada, ES), Bob Moseley (Peoria, Jim Bishop (Oroville, California, US), William Bowman Illinois, US), Renée B. Mullen (Congerville, Illinois, US), (Boulder, Colorado, US), Julieta Carilla (Tucumán, AR), Priscilla Muriel (Quito, EC), Mariana Musicante (Chilecito, Philippe Choler (Grenoble, FR), Gheorghe Coldea (Cluj- AR), Laszlo Nagy (Campinas, BR), George Nakhutsrishvili Napoca, RO), Francisco Cuesta (Quito, EC), Sangay Dema (Tbilisi, GE), Jalil Noroozi (Tabriz, IR), Panagiotis Nyktas (Lamegonpa, BT), Ann Dennis (Albany, California, US), Jan (Chania, GR), Yousuke Obana (Matsumoto, JP), Laura O’Gan Dick (Edinburgh, UK), Katharine Dickinson (Dunedin, NZ), (Grand Junction, Colorado, US), Gilberto Parolo (Pavia, Abdeltif El Ouahrani (Tetouan, MA), Brigitta Erschbamer IT), Giovanni Pelino (Sulmona, IT), Catherine Pickering (Innsbruck, AT), Siegrun Ertl (Vienna, AT), Daniel B. Fagre (Southport, AU), Mihai Puscas (Cluj-Napoca, RO), Karl (West Glacier, Montana, US), Fang Zhendong (Zhongdian, Reiter (Vienna, AT), Hlektra Remoundou (Chania, GR), Yunnan, CN), Rosa Fernández Calzado (Granada, ES), Anna Christian Rixen (Davos, CH), Graziano Rossi (Pavia, IT), Jan Maria Fosaa (Torshavn, FO), Helmut Franz (Berchtesgaden, Salick (Saint Louis, Missouri, US), Thomas Scheurer (Bern, DE), Barbara Friedmann (Vienna, AT), Andreas Futschik CH), Teresa Schwarzkopf (Mérida, VE), Anton Seimon (New (Vienna, AT), Maurizia Gandini (Pavia, IT), Carolina York, US), Tracie Seimon (New York, US), Stepan Shiyatov García Lino (La Paz, BO), Rosario G. Gavilán (Madrid, ES), (Yekaterinburg, RU), John Smiley (Bishop, California, US), Suresh K. Ghimire (Kathmandu, NP), Dany Ghosn (Chania, Angela Stanisci (Isernia, IT), Kristina Swerhun (Victoria, GR), Alfredo Grau (Tucumán, AR), Ken Green (Jindabyne, British Columbia, CA), Anne Syverhuset (Trondheim, NO), AU), Alba Gutiérrez Girón (Madrid, ES), Stephan Halloy Jean-Paul Theurillat (Champex, CH), Marcello Tomaselli (Santiago, CL), Robbie Hart (Saint Louis, Missouri, US), Starri (Parma, IT), Peter Unterluggauer (Innsbruck, AT), Susanna Heiðmarsson (Akureyri, IS), Dirk Hoffmann (La Paz, BO), Venn (Melbourne, AU), Luis Villar (Jaca, ES), Pascal Vittoz Jeff Holmquist (Los Angeles, California, US), Jarle Inge (Lausanne, CH), Michael Vogel (Berchtesgaden, DE), Gian- Holten (Trondheim, NO), Ling-Chun Hsieh (Kaohsiung, Reto Walther (Bern, CH), Sølvi Wehn (Trondheim, NO), TW), Jorge Jácome (Bogotá, CO), Juan José Jiménez (Jaca, Sonja Wipf (Davos, CH), Karina Yager (Greenbelt, Maryland, ES), María Dolores Juri (Chilecito, AR), Róbert Kanka US), Tatjana Yashina (Ust Koksa, Altai, RU) (Bratislava, SK), George Kazakis (Chania, GR), Christian Klettner (Vienna, AT), Jozef Kollár (Bratislava, SK), Ján Krajcí (Bratislava, SK), Per Larsson (Göteborg, SE), María Vanesa Lencinas (Ushuaia, AR), Blanca León (Lima, PE), Ho-Yih Liu (Kaohsiung, TW), Luis Daniel Llambi (Mérida, VE), Luo Peng (Chengdu, Sichuan, CN), Colin Maher (Santa 1 | Participation in the discussion process for developing the Cruz, California, US), George P. Malanson (Iowa City, Iowa, GLORIA standard methods and/or writing parts of the manual of US), Martin Mallaun (Innsbruck, AT), Alan Mark (Dunedin, additional activities of GLORIA GLORIA FIELD MANUAL – 5TH EDITION | 7 CONTENTS Preface 11 Acknowledgements 12 1 Introduction 14 1.1 Climate change and the alpine life zone* 14 1.2 Objectives and aims 15 1.3 Stating the role of GLORIA 16 1.4 Why focus on high mountain environments? 17 1.5 Vascular plants as target organism group 18 1.6 Why mountain summit areas as reference units? 19 1.7 How to start a GLORIA target region 20 2 The GLORIA site selection for the Multi-Summit Approach 21 2.1 The target region 21 2.2 Summit selection 21 2.2.1 The elevation gradient 21 2.2.2 Considerations and criteria for the summit selection 24 3 Standard sampling design of the Multi-Summit Approach 27 3.1 Plot types and design outline 28 3.2 Materials and preparations 30 3.3 Setup of the permanent plots 30 3.3.1 The highest summit point (HSP): determination of the principal reference point 30 3.3.2 Establishing the 1-m² quadrats in 3 m × 3 m quadrat clusters and the summit area corner points 31 3.3.3 Establishing the boundary lines of the summit areas and the summit area sections 34 4 Standard recording methods (STAM) 37 4.1 Recording in the 1-m² quadrats 38 4.1.1 Visual cover estimation in 1-m² quadrats 38 4.1.2 Pointing with a grid frame in 1-m² quadrats 41 4.2 Recording in the summit area sections 41 4.3 Continuous temperature measurements 43 4.3.1 Temperature data loggers 43 4.3.2 Devices currently in use 43 4.3.3 Preparation of temperature loggers 43 4.3.4 Positioning of temperature data loggers on GLORIA summits 44 4.4 The photo documentation 46 4.5 Removal of plot delimitations and considerations for future reassignments and resurveys 49 4.6 General information on the target region 49 5 Supplementary sampling designs and recording methods (SUPM) 51 5.1 Supplementary recording in 1-m² quadrats 52 5.1.1 Recording of bryophytes and lichens in 1-m² quadrats 52 5.1.2 Subplot-frequency counts in the 1-m² quadrats 52 5.1.3 Supplementary 1-m² quadrats at the 10-m level 53 5.2 Supplementary recording in summit area sections 54 5.2.1 Recording of bryophytes and lichens in summit area sections 54 5.2.2 Recording of species cover in summit area sections with Point and Flexible Area (PAF) sampling method 54 5.3 Line-pointing and species recording in 10 m × 10 m squares 56 8 | CONTENTS GLORIA FIELD MANUAL – 5TH EDITION 5.3.1 Line-pointing of vascular plants in 10 m × 10 m squares 57 5.3.2 Recording of additional species in 10 m × 10 m squares 58 6 Data handling and management 59 6.1 The species list 59 6.2 Data input, data consistency, data storage 60 6.3 Handling of the photo documentation 61 6.4 Data property rights and data sharing 62 7 Extra approaches in GLORIA (EXAP) 63 7.1 GLORIA Downslope Plant Survey 65 7.2 Invertebrate monitoring on GLORIA summits 70 7.3 GLORIA-associated arthropod monitoring 72 7.4 Herpetological monitoring on GLORIA summits 75 7.5 Soil variability at GLORIA sites 79 7.6 Socio-economic and cultural aspects in GLORIA regions 81 7.7 Ethnobotany integrated within GLORIA 86 Glossary of terms used in the manual 89 List of Boxes 96 List of Tables 96 List of Figures 97 References cited