Downloaded by [University of Oregon] at 09:45 06 November 2017 The Colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea Region This book focuses on the network of the Genoese colonies in the Black Sea area and their diverse multi-ethnic societies. It raises the problems of con- tinuity of the colonial patterns, reveals the importance of the formation of the late medieval/early modern colonialism, the urban demography, and the functioning of the polyethnic entangled society of Caffa in its interaction with the outer world. It offers a novel interpretation of the functioning of this late medieval colonial polyethnic society and rejects the widely accepted narrative portraying the whole history of Caffa of the fifteenth century as a period of constant decline and depopulation. Evgeny Khvalkov is an Associate Professor at the Higher School of Econom- ics in Saint Petersburg. Downloaded by [University of Oregon] at 09:45 06 November 2017 Routledge Research in Medieval Studies For a full list of titles in this series, please visit www.routledge.com 5 Medieval Islamic Historiography Remembering Rebellion Heather N. Keaney 6 The Jewish-Christian Encounter in Medieval Preaching Edited by Jonathan Adams and Jussi Hanska 7 Forensic Medicine and Death Investigation in Medieval England Sara M. Butler 8 Wonder and Skepticism in the Middle Ages Keagan Brewer 9 Medieval Hostageship c.700–c.1500 Hostage, Captive, Prisoner of War, Guarantee, Peacemaker Edited by Matthew Bennett and Katherine Weikert 10 New Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Poland and Prussia The Impact of Gdansk Edited by Beata Możejko 11 The Colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea Region Evolution and Transformation Evgeny Khvalkov Previous titles to appear in Routledge Research in Medieval Studies Downloaded by [University of Oregon] at 09:45 06 November 2017 include: The Generation of Identity in Late Medieval Hagiography Speaking the Saint Gail Ashton Performing Virginity and Testing Chastity in the Middle Ages Kathleen Coyne Kelly Women Pilgrims in Late Medieval England Susan S. Morrison The Colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea Region Evolution and Transformation Evgeny Khvalkov Downloaded by [University of Oregon] at 09:45 06 November 2017 First published 2018 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2018 Taylor & Francis The right of Evgeny Khvalkov to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-1-138-08160-4 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-11278-7 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by Apex CoVantage, LLC Downloaded by [University of Oregon] at 09:45 06 November 2017 Contents List of Figures vii List of Tables ix List of Abbreviations xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 1 Overview of Historiography and Sources 19 2 To the Origins of the Genoese Black Sea Colonization: The Genoese Gazaria in Its Genesis and Shaping, Thirteenth to Fourteenth Centuries 56 3 Understanding Colonial Space: Topography and Spatial Layout of the Cities and Hinterland of the Genoese Gazaria 95 4 Governing the Overseas Colonies: Evolution and Transformation of the Administrative System 134 5 The World of Entangled Identities: The Dynamics of the Population of Caffa in Its Ethnic and Religious Categories 182 6 Prestige, Stratification, and Social Groups in the Society of Caffa 293 7 Caffa as a Centre of Trade: Dynamics of Economic Activity, Downloaded by [University of Oregon] at 09:45 06 November 2017 Traffic, and Communications 335 8 Politics and International Relationships in the Black Sea Area in 1400–1475: Transformation and Fall of Caffa 394 Conclusion 415 Appendix 425 Index 431 Downloaded by [University of Oregon] at 09:45 06 November 2017 Figures I.1 Map of the Genoese colonies in the Black Sea region 3 5.1 Provenance of Latins mentioned in MC 1423 197 5.2 Provenance of Latins mentioned in MC 1461 197 5.3 Massaria Caffae 1423: Places of origin of the Latin migrants to Caffa coming from outside Italy 198 5.4 Massaria Caffae 1461: Places of origin of the Latin migrants to Caffa coming from outside Italy 198 5.5 Religious composition of people mentioned in MC 1381 246 5.6 Religious composition of people mentioned in MC 1423 246 5.7 Religious composition of people mentioned in MC 1461 247 5.8 Decline of the population of Caffa: total 247 5.9 Decline of the population of Caffa by ethnic group 248 Downloaded by [University of Oregon] at 09:45 06 November 2017 Downloaded by [University of Oregon] at 09:45 06 November 2017 Tables 3.1 Latin churches in Caffa 101 3.2 Greek churches of Caffa 102 3.3 Armenian churches of Caffa 102 5.1 Geographical distribution of the Italians in Caffa according to the deeds of Lamberto di Sambuceto (1289–1290), based on Balard, La Romanie Génoise, vol. 1, 238–243 191 5.2 A comparison of numbers and provenance of the non-Genoese Italians in the Genoese Black Sea colonies, years 1423 and 1461 (based on the respective Massaria Caffae 1423 and Massaria Caffae 1461) 194 5.3 A comparison of numbers and provenance of the non-Italian Latins in the Genoese Black Sea colonies, years 1423 and 1461 (based on the respective Massaria Caffae 1423 and Massaria Caffae 1461) 196 5.4 Names of the people marked as iurgianus in MC 1381 218 Downloaded by [University of Oregon] at 09:45 06 November 2017 Downloaded by [University of Oregon] at 09:45 06 November 2017 Abbreviations AC Archivi e Cultura ADSV Античная древность и средние века [Antiquity and the Mid- dle Ages] AESC Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations AFP Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum ASG. AS Archivio di Stato di Genova, Archivio Secreto ASLSP Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria ASLSP.NS Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria. Nuova Serie ASV. AvCom Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Avogaria di Comun ASV. CI Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Cancelleria Inferior ASV. NT Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Notarili Testamenti BF Byzantinische Forschungen BPMA Bulgaria Pontica Medii Aevi BS Byzantinoslavica BZ Byzantinische Zeitschrift CMRS Cahiers du Monde Russe et Sovietique DOP Dumbarton Oaks Papers IRAIK Изве стия Русского Археологического института в Константинополе [Reports of the Russian Archaeological Insti- tute in Constantinople] ITUAK Изве стия Таврической ученой архивной комиссии [Reports of the Tauric Scholarly Archival Commission] MA Le Moyen Âge MAIET Материа лы по истории, археологии и этнографии Таврики Downloaded by [University of Oregon] at 09:45 06 November 2017 [Materials on the History, Archaeology, and Ethnography of Tauria] MEFR Mélanges d’Archéologie et d’Histoire publiés par l’École Française de Rome MGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores. MHP Monumenta Historiae Patriae. NZ Numismatische Zeitschrift PG J. Migne, Patrologiae cursus completus. Series graeca xii Abbreviations PSRL Полно е собрание русских летописей [Full Collection of the Russian Chronicles] PSV Причерноморье в Средние века [The Black Sea region in the Middle Ages] RAS Rassegna degli Archivi di Stato RH Revue Historique RIS Rerum Italicarum Scriptores RIS. NS Rerum Italicarum Scriptores. Nuova Serie ROL Revue de l’Orient latin RSI Rivista Storica Italiana SA Советская археология [Soviet Archaeology] SD Saggi e Documenti SG. NS Studi Genuensi. Nuova Serie SV Средние века [The Middle Ages] TM Travaux et Mémoires VDI Вестник Древней Истории VID Вспомога тельные исторические дисциплины [Auxiliary Historical Disciplines] VO Византийские Очерки VV Византийский Временник [Byzantine Chronicle] ZOOID Записки Одесского общества истории и древностей [Notes of the Society of History and Antiquities of Odessa] Downloaded by [University of Oregon] at 09:45 06 November 2017 Acknowledgments Since this book evolved from my doctoral thesis, it is my pleasure to thank my supervisor Prof. Luca Molà and my second reader Prof. Jorge Flores for their direction, assistance, and guidance at each stage of my research. Their recommendations and suggestions have been invaluable for this proj- ect. I owe my deepest gratitude to Prof. Sergey P. Karpov, who introduced me to the world of the Italian documentary sources on the history of the Black Sea region and thus contributed into shaping my professional inter- ests when I was an undergraduate student. Indeed, I owe to him an honour to be one of the researchers in the field of the Genoese colonization in the aforementioned area. I am indebted to Prof. Michel Balard for many ideas which have helped me to broaden the scope of my research, as well as for many references to the relevant sources and literature that I used here. Not least I am thankful to him for the very fact of existence of his seminal work La Romanie Génoise (XIIe-début du XVe siècle), which shaped my reading curriculum and was in many ways a starting point for the present research, covering the period until 1400 and promising mind-provoking challenges to a young scholar who would dare to follow Prof. Balard in his footsteps, but to go beyond this date and emerge into the richness of the sources coming from the fifteenth-century Caffa. This thesis would not have been possible had not Dr.