Policing Race: A case study of media coverage of police shootings Paulette Campbell A Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of Graduate Studies In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements For the Degree of Masters of Arts Graduate Program in Sociology York University Toronto, Ontario August 2012 © Paulette Campbell, 2012 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-90098-7 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-90098-7 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Canada ii Policing Race: A case study of media coverage of police shootings Abstract The focus of this study is on racial discourse in print media. Given that knowledge of the Black community is often limited to what people receive in media publications, it is important to investigate the accuracy of messages that are being communicated. A content analysis of articles relevant to police shootings of Black and White victims as reported in the 1980s and 1990s in The Toronto Star newspaper provided the primary data source. The analysis employed a critical Social Dominance framework to identify strategies used in this medium and further applied those tenets to thematic foci in the print articles. The goal is to determine the potential impact of racial discourse on its respective readership with regard to perceptions of the Black community during the specified time. It is expected that exposure of the ideological implications uncovered in this study will influence future policy reforms for a more egalitarian society. Keywords: systemic racism, police shootings, Social Dominance, Blacks, Whites iii Table of Contents Abstract ii List of Tables and figures v Chapter One: INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale for the Study 3 Literature Review 4 Theoretical Perspective 7 Chapter Two: INTRODUCTION TO THE ANALYSIS Methodology 12 Introduction to the Analysis 13 Demographics of Source Data Used in This Study 14 Confirmation of Racial Identity 15 Chapter Outline of Thesis 16 Chapter Three: VICTIM PARTICULARS Criminal Offences 18 Shooting Location and Dates 21 Shooting Outcome 23 Foot Chases - Power Struggles 24 Vehicle Involved 26 Encounter with Police 27 Lawsuits / Settlements 27 Inquests 29 DISCUSSION: Zero-Sum Mentality 30 Chapter Four: POLICE PARTICULARS Police Officers 34 Shooting Officer's Years of Service 35 Charges Laid Against Officers 36 SIU Cooperation 41 Officer Shows Remorse 42 DISCUSSION: The Police Subculture: Beliefs about Excessive Force and Race 43 Chapter Five: NEWSPAPER PARTICULARS Total Number of Articles Written That Included Victim's Names 47 Newspaper Names Victim's Nationality 48 Newspaper's Use of Layperson Witnesses 50 Circumstantial Conditions Highlighted in Articles 51 The Allocation of Blame and Imputation of Criminality 55 DISCUSSION: The Politics of "Othering" 56 iv Chapter Six: BREIF DESCRIPTION OF POLICE SHOOTING INCIDENTS Brief Description of Incidents 59 Relationship of Victim Offence to Police Reaction 63 Unequal Treatment (in individual cases) 67 Indication of Bias in Cases 68 Protection Strategies (for police) 70 Allegations of Racism 77 Controversial Aspect 80 DISCUSSION: The Tenet of Terror in Social Dominance 83 Chapter Seven: FAMILY/COMMUNITY REACTION Family/Community Reaction 92 Involvement of Advocacy Group 93 Types of Protest Activity Advocated 94 DISCUSSION: Mistrust of Police 94 Chapter Eight: NEWSPAPER FRAMING STRATEGIES Newspaper Framing Strategies 96 Demonizing the Victim 99 Demonizing the Officer 102 Encouraging Sympathy 105 DISCUSSION: The Spectacle of Race in the Private and Public Eye 106 Chapter Nine: REPORT TYPES AND SIGNIFICANT THEMES EVIDENT IN MANY ARTICLES Significant Themes 110 Identifying Race Ill Inquest Coverage 115 Incident Updates 119 Protest Activity 131 SIU/Police Issues 143 Government Involvement 150 Use of the Word "Racism" 157 Initial Reports 160 DISCUSSION: A Deep Oppression Called Systemic Racism 165 GENERAL DISCUSSION: Summary 171 CONCLUSION: The Significance of Ideology 173 A Remedy for Changing the Status Quo 176 Dedication: In Memory of Albert Johnson 178 Appendix A 180 References 188 V List of Figures and Tables FIGURES 3.1 Alleged Offences 18 3.2 Black / White Victim Confrontation Styles 19 3.3 Weapons Identified in This Study 20 3.4 Shooting Dates in This Study 22 3.5 Incident Involves a Foot Chase 24 3.6 Encounter with Police 27 4.1 Type of Charges Laid Against Officer 39 4.2 Outcome of Charges 40 4.3 Police Cooperation with SIU 41 5.1 Newspaper Names Victim's Nationality 48 6.1 Victim Confrontation Style with Police Before Lethal Response 59 6.2 Seriousness of Offence - Phase One - Before Police Arrive 63 6.3 Seriousness of Offence - Phase Two - After Police Arrive 64 6.4 Police Protection Strategies 70 6.5 Why Is Racism Alleged? 77 6.6 Controversial Aspects of Shooting Incidents 80 8.1 Newspaper Strategies for Demonizing Victims 99 8.2 Newspaper Strategies for Demonizing Police 102 8.3 Encouraging Sympathy 105 9.1 Significant Themes Evident in Most Articles 110 TABLES 4.1 Charges Laid (Against Officer) 36 5.1 Circumstantial Conditions Highlighted in Articles 51 8.1 Top 5 Newspaper Framing Strategies 96 1 Chapter One INTRODUCTION Conventional criminological and contemporary popular approaches reduce the relationship between crime reporting and race to monolithic, totalized and essentialist conceptions within a narrow theoretical vision that informs an overarching conceptual closure. Consumers of the media are seldom asked to be brazen in deconstructing traditional texts like the print media. Equally, it is essential that readers are not only well informed but urged to explore the contradictions and closures inherent in conventional depictions of crime. Research suggests that 95% of Canadians learn about crime from the media (Visano 2006: 108). In this study I examine the role of an array of extraordinarily persuasive moral campaigns by the newsprint media, an industry of inter-related agencies obsessed with regulating differences and punishing defiance. The media conceal as much as they reveal about crime. Because of the pervasive influence of the media the general public is made to feel both content and competent in talking about crime generally and racialized criminality specifically. Without interrogating the sources of knowledge, the general public is encouraged to defer to the media and learn to participate as crime experts well-nourished by media illusions, deceptive bits and biased fragments. What, then, emerges as the image of the criminal in the public eye? Generally, the racial profiling by the media targets Blacks when covering specifically crime-related stories, perpetuating the idea of this social segment as being the most 2 criminogenic. This stratification is based on principles that value and reinforce racism, criminality and inequality. Typically, contact with members of the Black community is often limited to what people hear from others and what they read or see in the media about Blacks. This is because the marginalization of the Black community away from mainstream society limits their interaction. Consequently, mainstream society relies almost entirely on media for information about Blacks and the issues that concern that community (Henry et al., 2000). News coverage of incidents involving Blacks and the police provide an excellent source through which racial discourse in print media may be explored. Regrettably, as Williams (2005:93) notes, crime control is significant insofar as its apparent synonymity with policing elevates the latter to the status of a practice that produces unimpeachable outcomes. One of the most important yet controversial powers of police in a democratic society is the use of force. Police are authorized legally to use firearms in apprehending suspects whenever there is a threat to life. However, the legitimacy