Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects Series Editor Louise Barrett, Lethbridge, Canada For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5852 Nanda B. Grow • Sharon Gursky-Doyen Alicia Krzton Editors High Altitude Primates 123 Editors Nanda B. Grow Sharon Gursky-Doyen Alicia Krzton Texas A&M University College Station, TX USA ISBN 978-1-4614-8174-4 ISBN 978-1-4614-8175-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-8175-1 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013950361 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 This work is subject to copyright. 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Their comments and suggestions were invaluable to all contributors. Further, we would like to extend our thanks to Dr. Russell Tuttle for accepting this volume as part of the Developments in Primatology series. v Contents Part I High Altitude Prosimian Primates Effects of Altitude on the Conservation Biogeography of Lemurs in SouthEast Madagascar ................................. 3 Shawn M. Lehman Hibernation Patterns of Dwarf Lemurs in the High Altitude Forest of Eastern Madagascar ................................... 23 Marina B. Blanco and Laurie R. Godfrey Altitudinal Distribution and Ranging Patterns of Pygmy Tarsiers (Tarsius pumilus) ................................. 43 Nanda B. Grow Part II High Altitude Monkeys Biogeography and Conservation of Andean Primates in Peru ....... 63 Sam Shanee, Noga Shanee, Nicola Campbell and Nestor Allgas Population Density and Ecological Traits of Highland Woolly Monkeys at Cueva de los Guacharos National Park, Colombia ...... 85 Sergio A. Vargas, Julián León, Mónica Ramírez, Nelson Galvis, Edgar Cifuentes and Pablo R. Stevenson Seed Dispersal by Woolly Monkeys in Cueva de los Guacharos National Park (Colombia): An Amazonian Primate Dispersing Montane Plants ................................ 103 Mónica A. Ramírez, Nelson F. Galvis, Sergio A. Vargas, José Julián Léon, Edgar F. Cifuentes and Pablo R. Stevenson vii viii Contents Distribution and Ecology of the Most Tropical of the High-Elevation Montane Colobines: The Ebony Langur on Java ................ 115 Vincent Nijman Snow Tolerance of Japanese Macaques Inhabiting High-Latitude Mountainous Forests of Japan ................... 133 Hiroto Enari Seasonal and Altitudinal Migration of Japanese Macaques in the Northern Japan Alps ................................ 153 Shigeyuki Izumiyama Rhinopithecus bieti at Xiaochangdu, Tibet: Adaptations to a Marginal Environment ................................ 183 Zuofu Xiang Nutritional Implications of the High-Elevation Lifestyle of Rhinopithecus bieti..................................... 199 Heidi Bissell Variation in Primate Abundance Along an Elevational Gradient in the Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania ...................... 211 Claudia Barelli, Juan F. Gallardo Palacios and Francesco Rovero Deriving Conservation Status for a High Altitude Population: Golden Monkeys of Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, Uganda ...... 227 Dennis Twinomugisha, Michael D. Wasserman and Colin A. Chapman Part III High Altitude Apes High Altitude Diets: Implications for the Feeding and Nutritional Ecology of Mountain Gorillas .............................. 247 Jessica M. Rothman, John Bosco Nkurunungi, Bianca F. Shannon and Margaret A. H. Bryer Preliminary Data on the Highland Sumatran Orangutans (Pongo abelii) of Batang Toru .............................. 265 S. A. Wich, G. Usher, H. H. Peters, Mokhamad Faesal Rakhman Khakim, M. G. Nowak and G. M. Fredriksson Contents ix Modern Human Biological Adaptations to High-Altitude Environments in the Andean Archaeological Record ............. 285 Karen J. Weinstein High Altitude Primates, Extreme Primates, and Anthropological Primatology: Or, There is More to Human Evolution than Tool Use, Culture, or African Apes .......................... 325 Ken Sayers Index ................................................ 351 Contributors Nestor Allgas Asociación Neotropical Primate Conservation Perú, 1187 Carre- tera Fernando Belaunde Terry, La Esperanza, Yambrasbamba, Amazonas, Peru; Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru Claudia Barelli Sezione di Biodiversità Tropicale, MUSE-Museo delle Scienze, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, 38123 Trento, Italy; Reproductive Biology Unit, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, e-mail: claudia.barelli@ muse.it; [email protected] Heidi Bissell Busch Gardens Tampa, 3605 E. Bougainvillea Avenue, Tampa, FL 33612, USA, e-mail: [email protected] Marina B. Blanco Duke Lemur Center, 3705 Erwin Road, Durham, NC 27705, USA; Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany, e-mail: [email protected] Margaret A. H. Bryer Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA Nicola Campbell Neotropical Primate Conservation, 23 Portland Road, Manchester PL32, UK Colin A. Chapman Department of Anthropology, McGill School of Environ- ment, McGill University, 855 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 2T7, Canada; Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx, New York, NY, USA, e-mail: [email protected] Edgar F. Cifuentes Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Prima- tología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia Hiroto Enari Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakabamachi, Yamagata, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan, e-mail: [email protected] xi xii Contributors G. M. Fredriksson Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme (PanEco- YEL), Sumatra, Medan, Indonesia; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics/Zoological Museum, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Nelson F. Galvis Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia Laurie R. Godfrey Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, 240 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA, e-mail: [email protected] Nanda B. Grow Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, 4352 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4352, USA, e-mail: [email protected] Shigeyuki Izumiyama Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamimi- nowa 8304, Nagano 399-4598, Japan, e-mail: [email protected] Mokhamad Faesal Rakhman Khakim Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme (PanEco-YEL), Sumatra, Medan, Indonesia Shawn M. Lehman Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S2S2, Canada, e-mail: [email protected] José Julián Léon Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia Vincent Nijman Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gibbs Building, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK, e-mail: [email protected] John Bosco Nkurunungi Department of Biology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda M. G. Nowak Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL, USA Juan F. Gallardo Palacios Reproductive Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany H. H. Peters Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme (PanEco-YEL), Sumatra, Medan, Indonesia Mónica A. Ramírez Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Prima- tología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Carrera 1 No 18 A, Bogotá, Colombia, e-mail: [email protected] Contributors