NorCal Open Access Publications Journal of Environmental Science NORCAL and Allied Research OPEN ACCESS PUBLICATION Volume 2; Issue 2 Mosissa D, et al. Research Article ISSN 2637-7063 Regeneration Status of Oxytenanthera abyssinica A. R. Munro Forest after Mass Flowering and Mass Death in Homosha District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Northwest Ethiopia Dereje Mosissa1*, Gebremedihin Woldegebriel2 and Tefera Belay3 1Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute, Assosa Biodiversity Center, Forest and Rangeland Biodiversity Case team, Assosa, Ethiopia 2Benishangul Gumuz regional State Bureau of Environment Forest and Land administration, Ethiopia 3Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hawassa University, Wondo Genet, Ethiopia *Corresponding author: Dereje Mosissa, Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute, Assosa Biodiversity Center, Forest and Rangeland Biodiversity Case team, Assosa, Ethiopia, Tel: +251(0)949045964; Email: [email protected] Received: 17 January, 2019; Accepted: 15 May, 2019; Published: 11 July, 2019 Abstract Abbreviations The study was done to assess the regeneration status of lowland BGRS: Benishangul Gumuz Regional State bamboo after gregarious flowering and death in Benishangul Gumuz Region, Homosha District, Jimma and Sherkole Kebe- BGRBOA: Benishangul Gumuz Region Bureau of Agriculture les, North west of Ethiopia. A systematic sampling technique BGRFSSR: Benishangul-Gumuz Regional Food Security Strat- was used to survey lowland bamboo. Twenty and eleven sample egy Report plots were surveyed in Jima and Sherkole Kebeles respectively and each plot with 10 x 10 m size. Field observation, regener- BOFED: Bureau of Finance and Economy Development ation inventory, FGDs, and questionnaire survey on 80 house- holds were used to collect data. Descriptive and inferential sta- BOIPPCSA: Bureau of Information and Public Participation tistics were used for data analysis. The seedlings and culms had Co-ordination and Social Affairs a significant difference (One- Way ANOVA p <0.05) in density, CBOs: Community Based Organizations size (DBH) and height between the two sites. However, the size difference was statistically insignificant. Height and diameter CSA: Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia classes distribution indicated highest number of individuals in the lower classes (<1 & 1-2 year) and this suggests that the age of HHH: House Hold Heads the forest after mass flowering and death is not more than 4 to 5 HWAO: Homosha Woreda Agricultural Office years hence regeneration could be sensitive to the anthropogen- ic disturbances. Sampled HHs harvest bamboo at an age of <1 LLB: Lowland Bamboo & ≥ 3 years and harvesting intensity was observed to be related with culms size rather than age class across different manage- WBISPP: Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning ment. Project Keywords INBAR: International Network for Bamboo and Rattan NTFPs: Non-Timber Forest Products Anthropogenic; Harvesting; Lowland bamboo; Management; Regeneration DBH: Diameter at Breast Height J Environ Sci Allied Res 2019: 87-105. .01. Citation: Mosissa D, Woldegebriel G, Belay T (2019) Regeneration Status of Oxytenanthera abyssinica A. R. Munro Forest after Mass Flowering and Mass Death in Homosha District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Northwest Ethiopia. J Environ Sci Allied Res 2019: 87-105. FAO: Food and Agricultural Organization Problems related to depletion of bamboo forest for different uses arise because of attaching less priority to the resource. Their NGOs: Non-Governmental Organizations ecological requirements also need further investigation. Appro- priate (cheap and effective) techniques and methods of propaga- HWAO: Homosha Woreda Agricultural Office tion by seed and vegetative means must be identified and verified Introduction through well-defined bamboo research [13]. In addition to human influence and natural factors, the low- Bamboo is a natural regenerative plant, which naturally land bamboo in BGR has been under high pressure due to lack grows mostly in the forest as a bushy grass in tropical and sub- of knowledge on resource use. In order to reverse this situation, tropical ecology. It is naturally found as an understory plant, a lot of efforts have been taken by the government, but still there which can also grow in moist regions and can be referred to as is a study gap on how to manage and sustainably utilize lowland woody grass and classified into species ranging in number from bamboo potential of the district as well as the region. 1439 to 1500 with 115 genera’s across the globe [1-4], Bamboo plant plays a significant role in the preservation of the forest as it Although the mass flowering exacerbates the problem, ac- releases about 35% more oxygen into the atmosphere than other cording to assessment flowering in lowland bamboo seem to be plants, thus reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide as compared more frequent. It flowers every 30-35 years [12]. Currently, mass to hard and softwood [5,6]. flowering thereby mass death has reached over 85% of the es- timated total 400,000 ha bamboo in the region [12]. The early As many as 1500 bamboo species exist worldwide, most of flowered areas regenerated and have formed bamboo forest, re- which grow in Southeast Asia. Africa has a total of only 1.4 mil- markable former bamboo land has been changed to other land lion hectares of bamboo, much of which is distributed over East- use system. The remaining also is critically challenged by wild ern Africa [7]. The pure natural bamboo forest in Ethiopia was fire, which is traditionally set as management of rangelands in the largest in Africa, over about 1 million ha, and 85% of this area the region. So far, there is also no record of new regeneration is covered by Oxytenanthera abyssinica, which is an indigenous under dead populations [14-16]. bamboo to Ethiopia and endemic to tropical Africa [3]. Bamboo is one of the fastest growing, highest productivity, most versatile, Accordingly, in order to use these vital resources of bamboo short harvesting cycle, and annually renewable and harvestable effectively in a sustainable way, we need to know and evaluate plant if it is managed in intelligent way [8]. current & reliable information on the status of natural regen- eration & management practice trends at the community level. Bamboo is a highly utilized natural resource in many parts of Therefore, the current study aimed at assessing the status of re- the world. In Ethiopia the use of bamboo is limited to construc- generation of lowland bamboo forest in Homosha Woreda, Ben- tion, fences and some rudimentary furniture and household ishangul Gumuz Regional State, Northwest of Ethiopia. utensils. Although bamboo is not an integral part of the Ethi- opian economy, it plays a very important role socially, econom- Materials and Methods ically and ecologically in areas where it occurs naturally as well as where it is [2,3,9]. Recently, bamboo has received increasing Location attention because of its easy propagation, vigorous regeneration, Benishangul Gumuz Regional State (BGRS) is one of the fast growth, high productivity and quick maturity. It provides nine regional states of Ethiopia which was established in 1995 goods and services useful to mankind. It is a source for food, by the new constitution of Ethiopia that created a federal sys- fodder, furniture, building materials, industrial inputs, medical tem of Governance. The region is located in the western part plants and fuel. It also plays a vital role in environmental amelio- of the country between 9⁰ 30'-11⁰30' latitude in the North and ration, bio-diversity and soil conservation and waste purification 34⁰ 20'- 36⁰30' longitudes in the East with an average altitude of [2-4,9,10]. 1570m. The regional capital, Asossa is located at a distance of 687 km away from the capital city of the country, Addis Ababa. It was pointed out that enormous hectares of lowland bam- The region has also international boundary with the Sudan and boo in the region are cleared for crop production purposes [11]. South Sudan in West, and it is bordered by Amhara Regional Moreover, Benishangul Gumuz Regional Food Security Strate- state in the East and North, Oromiya Regional state in the East gy Report (BGRFSSR) has also identified various factors, such and South East and Gambella Regional state in the South [17]. as encroachment, forest fires, absence of secure land use policy, effects of agricultural expansion and intensive resettlement pro- The total land surface of the region is estimated to be 50,380 grams, land use changes, bamboo mass flowering, and damage km2 [18]. BGR is divided into 3 administrative zones and 20 by bio deteriorating agents such as termites, beetles and fungi ‘woderas’. Homosha Woreda is one of the 20 woredas located were also deterring bamboo regeneration. In addition, there is at a distance 36 km from Assosa capital city of the region with less research on bamboo in the study area, despite the fact that area of 708.42 km2 and it is found in eastern parts of the Benis- forestry research has been conducted in the country for the past hangul-Gumuz Region, which is bordered by Kurmuk in north 30 years [4]. Bamboo is not considered as a research commodity west, Menge in the north east, and Assosa in south. in Ethiopia, lack of awareness about the multiple uses of bamboo is the basis for delay of actions on development, research and Jima kebele, which is agro-ecologically, classified as lowland conservation interventions [12]. (kola) is one of the study areas, in Homosha Woreda. It is located J Environ Sci Allied Res 2019: 87-105. .02. Citation: Mosissa D, Woldegebriel G, Belay T (2019) Regeneration Status of Oxytenanthera abyssinica A. R. Munro Forest after Mass Flowering and Mass Death in Homosha District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Northwest Ethiopia. J Environ Sci Allied Res 2019: 87-105. on the asphalt road to Kurmuk Woreda at a distance of 10 Km Population from the woreda town. The other Kebele which was proposed for Based on projected data, the current total population of the this study is, Shorkole Keble on the same direction of North West region is about 975,988 people in 2013 [17].