Downloaded from MicroscopyPioneers https://www.cambridge.org/core Pioneers in Optics: Zacharias Janssen and Johannes Kepler Michael W. Davidson National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306 . IP address: [email protected] 170.106.35.76 Zacharias Janssen ough rudimentary when compared with modern (1580-1638) models, the Janssen microscope was an important advance Zacharias Janssen is generally believed to be the inventor the from contemporary use of a single lens for magni cation , on compound microscope. However, because the accomplishment purposes. With further developments in microscopy, a 30 Sep 2021 at 09:03:39 is generally agreed among historians to be dated in the 1590s, formerly unknown and invisible world was to become readily most scholars believe that his father, Hans, must have played apparent. By the end of the seventeenth century, Robert Hooke an important role in the creation of the instrument. e pair had employed his version of the compound microscope to worked together as spectacle makers in Middleburg, Holland, observe organisms, such as fossils, diatoms, and even cells, not far from Hans Lippershey, another optical scientist and Marcello Malpighi had discovered capillaries. Modern who is o en alternatively credited with the invention of the compound light microscopes are able to reveal many more , subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at microscope. wonders because, under optimal conditions, the instruments e Dutch diplomat are capable of ultimate magni cations between 1000 and 2000 William Boreel was a times a specimen’s true size. longtime acquaintance of e Janssen Drawtube Microscope. As discussed Zacharias Janssen who had above, the origin of the light optical microscope is a matter written to him about the of debate, but most scholars agree that the invention of device in letters. Boreel saw the compound microscope can be credited to Zacharias the microscope for himself Janssen in the late sixteenth century. At that time but only years later when eyeglasses were beginning to enjoy widespread use and this it had already fallen into focused a great deal of the hands of another family attention on optics and friend, Cornelius Drebbel. lenses. e microscope When the physician of illustrated in this https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms the French King publicly section was built by sought information Zacharias Janssen, regarding the origin of probably with the help the microscope during of his father Hans, in The fi rst compound microscope (circa 1595). the 1650s, Boreel responded, relating information about the the year 1595. Janssens and recounting the device they had created and his experience surrounding its use. Johannes Kepler e device fashioned by the Janssens, and described by (1571-1630) Johannes Kepler was born on December 27, 1571, in Boreel, rose vertically from a brass tripod shaped like dolphins . and was almost two and a half feet long. e main brass tube Weilder Stadt, Wurttemburg, in the Holy Roman Empire https://doi.org/10.1017/S1551929509991052 was only an inch or two in diameter and held an ebony disc (now Germany). He was a sickly child with poor parents, at its base and a lens at each end. However, in a Middleburg but his obvious intelligence earned him a scholarship to the museum another microscope bears the Janssen name but is of University of Tubingen. At Tubingen, Michael Maestlin, one of a di erent design. e museum instrument consists of three the leading astronomers of the day, taught Kepler astronomy. tubes, two of which are drawtubes that can slide into the third e astronomy of the curriculum was geocentric astronomy in tube that acts as an outer casing. Lenses at the ends of each which it was thought that all seven “planets”—Moon, Mercury, drawtube serve as magnifying elements. e lens connected to Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn—moved around the the eyepiece is bi-convex and the one serving as the objective Earth. Maestlin chose to teach Kepler even more advanced is plano-convex. Capable of achieving a magni cation range astronomy by introducing him to the new heliocentric, between three and nine times the true size of an object, the cosmological system of Copernicus. microscope was apparently built to be used by hand because it Kepler, who was a profoundly religious man, was persuaded has no mounting mechanism. by Maestlin to abandon plans for ordination and instead 44 doi: 10.1017/S1551929509991052 www.microscopy-today.com • 2009 November Downloaded from Automate Your Image Analysis https://www.cambridge.org/core Upgrade To P L U S 7.0 Today! . IP address: 170.106.35.76 , on 30 Sep 2021 at 09:03:39 , subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at C M Y Composite image derived from 16 Z-stack sets CM from 3 uorescent channels. Image courtesy of Richard Cole, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY. MY CY CMY K https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms Image-Pro Plus has been the researchers’ choice in software for counting and classifying objects, Special Limited automating measurements, 3D rendering, and Time Upgrade object tracking for more than twenty years. Pricing - Image-Pro Plus 7.0 now includes: Act Now! • Faster multi-dimensional acquisition . • Live analysis tools https://doi.org/10.1017/S1551929509991052 • Just-in-time display of large image sets • Larger library of easy-to-use custom macros • Surface measurement tools Visit our website or contact us for the sales representative in your area. New brochures and online resources available at www.mediacy.com Media Cybernetics, Inc. + 1 301 495 3305 www.mediacy.com [email protected] Downloaded from MicroscopyPioneers https://www.cambridge.org/core take up a post teaching mathematics in Graz. In 1596, while at was excommunicated. is caused him much pain, but he was Graz, he wrote the rst outspoken defense of the Copernican never successful in getting this ban li ed even with his high social system, the Mysterium standing as Imperial Mathematician. Cosmographicum. Religious Kepler moved to Linz, and in 1619 he published Harmonices intolerance increased in the Mundi in which he describes his third law of planetary motion. following years and Kepler According to many experts, it was this law—not an apple—that moved to Prague to work led Newton to his law of gravitation. IP address: with the renowned Danish In Kepler’s book Astronomia Pars Optica, for which he astronomer, Tycho Brahe. earned the title of founder of modern optics, he was the rst to He inherited Brahe’s post discover many of the common theories of optics. He was the rst 170.106.35.76 as Imperial Mathematician to use a pin hole camera to investigate the formation of pictures, when Brahe died in 1601. the rst to explain the process of vision by refraction within the Using the precise data eye, the rst to formulate eyeglass designs for nearsightedness , on that Brahe had collected, and farsightedness, and the rst to explain the use of both eyes for 30 Sep 2021 at 09:03:39 Kepler discovered that depth perception. the orbit of Mars was In his book Dioptrice (a term coined by Kepler and still an ellipse. In 1609, he used today), he was the rst to describe real, virtual, upright, published Astronomia Nova and inverted images and the concept of magni cation. He was delineating his discoveries, the rst to explain the principles of how a telescope works and which are now called Kepler’s rst two laws of planetary motion. the rst to discover and describe the properties of total internal , subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at is work established Kepler as the “father of modern science,” re¦ ection. documenting how, for the rst time, a scientist dealt with a Kepler died in November of 1630 in Regensburg (now in multitude of imperfect data to arrive at a fundamental law of Germany) a er a brief illness. nature. In 1612 Lutherans were forced out of Prague, and Kepler https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms www.arcnano.com OEM and Custom FIB Apertures design your Custom Aperture at www.arcapertures.com . https://doi.org/10.1017/S1551929509991052 Advanced Research Corporation 651 789 9000 SEM - FIB - IC Edit - AFM - Analytical Services - Failure Analysis - Testing Thin Films - Photolithography - Precision CNC Machining - Custom Tooling Custom Electronics - Flip Chip Services - Flip Chip Tooling - FC 150 46 www.microscopy-today.com • 2009 November Q u e m e s a Downloaded from 2 0 0 9 https://www.cambridge.org/core MegaView G2 KeenView G2 2 0 0 8 C a n t e g a G 2 . IP address: 2 0 0 7 Quemesa 170.106.35.76 11 Megapixel High Speed TEM Camera , on V e l e t a 30 Sep 2021 at 09:03:39 2 0 0 6 EVERYTHING COUNTS High sensitivity and contrast at optimal resolution are the ultimate goals for each TEM camera. Every single photon generated in the scintillator per incident electron is needed. 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