Journal of Personalized Medicine Review Digital Phenotyping and Patient-Generated Health Data for Outcome Measurement in Surgical Care: A Scoping Review Prakash Jayakumar 1,* , Eugenia Lin 1 , Vincent Galea 2, Abraham J. Mathew 1, Nikhil Panda 3, Imelda Vetter 4 and Alex B. Haynes 1 1 Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; [email protected] (E.L.); [email protected] (A.J.M.); [email protected] (A.B.H.) 2 School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; [email protected] 4 Department of Medical Education, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 22 October 2020; Accepted: 11 December 2020; Published: 15 December 2020 Abstract: Digital phenotyping—the moment-by-moment quantification of human phenotypes in situ using data related to activity, behavior, and communications, from personal digital devices, such as smart phones and wearables—has been gaining interest. Personalized health information captured within free-living settings using such technologies may better enable the application of patient-generated health data (PGHD) to provide patient-centered care. The primary objective of this scoping review is to characterize the application of digital phenotyping and digitally captured active and passive PGHD for outcome measurement in surgical care. Secondarily, we synthesize the body of evidence to define specific areas for further work. We performed a systematic search of four bibliographic databases using terms related to “digital phenotyping and PGHD,” “outcome measurement,” and “surgical care” with no date limits. We registered the study (Open Science Framework), followed strict inclusion/exclusion criteria, performed screening, extraction, and synthesis of results in line with the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. A total of 224 studies were included. Published studies have accelerated in the last 5 years, originating in 29 countries (mostly from the USA, n = 74, 33%), featuring original prospective work (n = 149, 66%). Studies spanned 14 specialties, most commonly orthopedic surgery (n = 129, 58%), and had a postoperative focus (n = 210, 94%). Most of the work involved research-grade wearables (n = 130, 58%), prioritizing the capture of activity (n = 165, 74%) and biometric data (n = 100, 45%), with a view to providing a tracking/monitoring function (n = 115, 51%) for the management of surgical patients. Opportunities exist for further work across surgical specialties involving smartphones, communications data, comparison with patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), applications focusing on prediction of outcomes, monitoring, risk profiling, shared decision making, and surgical optimization. The rapidly evolving state of the art in digital phenotyping and capture of PGHD offers exciting prospects for outcome measurement in surgical care pending further work and consideration related to clinical care, technology, and implementation. Keywords: digital phenotyping; patient-generated health data; patient monitoring; activity tracking; wearables; sensors; patient-reported outcome measures; surgery J. Pers. Med. 2020, 10, 282; doi:10.3390/jpm10040282 www.mdpi.com/journal/jpm J. Pers. Med. 2020, 10, 282 2 of 44 1. Introduction Technology-enabled solutions that capture patient-generated health data (PGHD)—data related to activity, mobility, cognition, behavior, mood and social interactions—are rapidly evolving with the aim of a more personalized, patient-centered, and data-driven approach to the delivery of surgical care [1–5]. The concept of “digital phenotyping” was first coined in 2015 by J.P Onnela as the moment-by-moment quantification of individual human phenotypes in situ using data related to activity, behavior, and communications from personal digital devices, such as smartphones and wearable sensors (wearables) [6–10]. While the first smartphones were developed around 1992, wider utilization and applications capturing PGHD occurred toward the late 2000s. The acquisition of PGHD in the form of patient-reported outcome measurements (PROMs) is commonplace in clinical research and increasingly common in clinical care. PROMs are questionnaires that quantify the patient’s perspective of their physical, emotional, and social health, and are commonly collected using tablet devices and web-based, online portals [11–15]. The electronic capture and utility of PROMs has transformed the evaluation of health outcomes in surgical research, partly due to well-defined surgical pathways and time points during the preoperative baseline to postoperative recovery and rehabilitation [12,16]. However, the adoption of PROMs in clinical practice is limited by the burden placed on patients to interpret and complete surveys, is often restricted to the clinical encounter, and associated with several administrative and logistical barriers in sustaining longitudinal data collection, especially in busy, resource-limited settings [15,17]. 1.1. Rationale The continuous capture of passive PGHD in “real time” may overcome these limitations via digital phenotyping. However, little is known around digital phenotyping and PGHD in the context of outcome measurement in surgical care. An individual’s digital phenotype and how they interact with these devices aims to provide dynamic insights around the impact of a given condition on the patient’s lived experience, both within and outside health care settings. This rich data source may augment the way we traditionally acquire health information via physical assessment (clinical history and examination), and investigations (vital signs monitoring, laboratory tests, medical imaging), and further advance the tracking and surveillance of health, enhance decision making at the point of care, trigger the timely detection of clinical deterioration, and better predict surgical outcomes [13,14,18]. While a growing evidence base supports the value of digital phenotyping and PGHD to provide actionable data and targeted interventions, few have comprehensively characterized this technology in surgery or mapped current concepts for driving research and development in this field. The overarching goal of this study was to conduct a rapid scoping review of digital phenotyping and PGHD for outcome measurement in surgery to generate a repository of evidence for the current state of the art, identify knowledge gaps, and guide recommendations for future work. 1.2. Objectives The primary objective was to map the application of digital phenotyping and digitally captured active and passive PGHD for outcome measurement in surgical care by study characteristics, clinical characteristics, technological/data characteristics, and functional characteristics. The secondary objective was to synthesize the body of evidence to define specific areas of further work necessary to translate this technology from research bench to surgical practice. Ultimately, this review aims to inform stakeholders in advancing the field of patient-centered digital health and outcome measurement in surgical care. J. Pers. Med. 2020, 10, 282 3 of 44 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Study Design We performed a rapid scoping review as a streamlined approach to synthesizing evidence for emergent research and development in this field [19–21]. We started with a strategic search applied to multiple electronic databases using search terms related to key concepts within our primary and secondary objectives. This was followed by a stepwise process of screening, data extraction, and synthesis. 2.2. Protocol and Registration The protocol was developed a priori, guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis—Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) (AppendixA)[ 20], and study registered prospectively with the Open Science Framework, Center for Open Science (Registration No. url: osf.io/p9c7u). 2.3. Eligibility Criteria Eligibility criteria were as follows: studies focused on adult patients undergoing any form of surgical care at any phase along the care pathway (i.e., preoperative evaluation, perioperative care, postoperative recovery and rehabilitation), involving personal digital devices used to capture active and/or passive PGHD, describing outcome measurement(s) across any health domain, within original studies (prospective, retrospective, technical feasibility) in peer-reviewed journals that were available in the English language. Studies were excluded if they involved pediatric and adolescent patients, non-surgical contexts, lacked capture of any form of PGHD, involved digital solutions to collect and synthesize PROMs only, or were reviews, commentaries, case studies, without original data, and not available in the English language. 2.4. Search and Data Sources We developed a search strategy guided by our lead institutional librarian [IV], who is experienced in performing systematic reviews. Following rounds of refinement among the research team we defined and combined terms related to “digital phenotyping and PGHD” (concept A), “outcome measurement” (concept B), and “surgical care” (concept C) (AppendixB). Search engines were selected by consensus among authors and our librarian expert then deployed the final search strategy across the