EARTHQUAKE GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING GEOTECHNICAL, GEOLOGICAL AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING Volume 6 Series Editor Atilla Ansal, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute, Bo÷aziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey Editorial Advisory Board Julian Bommer, Imperial College London, U.K. Jonathan D. Bray, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A. Kyriazis Pitilakis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Susumu Yasuda, Tokyo Denki University, J apan The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume EARTHQUAKE GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING 4th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering-Invited Lectures edited by KYRIAZIS D. PITILAKIS Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-1-4020-5892-9 (HB) ISBN 978-1-4020-5893-6 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O.Box 17, 3300 AADordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2007 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. PREFACE Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, as well as their interface with Engineering Seismology, Geophysics and Seismology, have all made important progress over the past 15 years, mainly due to the development of instrumented large scale exper- imental facilities, to the increase in the quantity and quality of recorded earthquake data, to the numerous well-documented case studies from recent strong earthquakes as well as enhanced computer capabilities. One of the major factors contributing to the afore- mentioned progress is the increasing social need for a safe urban environment, large infrastructures and essential facilities. The advances achieved are also confirmed by the increasing number of scientific journals and publications which are relevant to the field of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. The successful International Conferences on Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering orga- nized every 4 years by the Technical Committee of Earthquake Engineering of the Inter- national Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering constitute irrefutable evidence as to the growing interest taken by the scientific and engineering community in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. This book contains the full papers of the invited keynote and theme lectures, including the 2nd Ishihara lecture, given during the 4th International Conference on Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering (4ICEGE) held in June 2006 in Thessaloniki, Greece. It pro- vides a thorough presentation of state-of-the-art topics related to Earthquake Geotech- nical Engineering and Soil Dynamics and their interface with Engineering Seismology, Geophysics and Seismology. Interdisciplinary topics such as vulnerability assessment and seismic risk management of geotechnical structures and lifelines are also addressed and discussed. A comprehensive overview of the possibilities offered by the recent world- wide developments in large scale testing facilities and strong ground motion arrays is also illustrated. The nineteen chapters of this book, prepared by distinguished scientists and experts, provide a panorama of recent achievements in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Certain unresolved engineering issues are also highlighted and some speculations and ideas for the future are mentioned. The main scope of the book is to provide the engineering society, including geotechnical and structural engineers, geologists and seismologists as well as risk managing scientists, with the most recent advances and developments in the study of soil dynamics, earthquake geotechnical engineering, seismology and risk assessment and management. Kyriazis Pitilakis Professor of Aristotle University, Chairman of 4ICEGE Editor v TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ................................................................ v Chapter 1. SPT- and CPT-based relationships for the Residual Shear Strength of Liquefied Soils I.M. Idriss and R.W. Boulanger 1. Introduction . ..................................................... 1 2. Casehistorystudies.................................................. 3 3. SPT-based correlation for residual strength . ............................ 7 3.1. Correlation of Sr with (N1)60cs-Sr ................................. 7 3.2. Correlation of Sr/σ vo with (N1)60cs-Sr ............................. 8 4. CPT-based correlation for residual strength . ............................ 12 4.1. Converting the SPT Correlation ................................... 13 4.2. CPT Values for Case Histories .................................... 15 5. Concluding remarks . .............................................. 17 References ......................................................... 21 Chapter 2. Long Period Strong Ground Motion and its Use as Input to Displacement Based Design E. Faccioli, C. Cauzzi, R. Paolucci, M. Vanini, M. Villani, and D. Finazzi 1. Introduction . ..................................................... 23 2. Empirical prediction of displacement spectral response (DRS) over a broad period range . ....................................... 24 2.1. Data Selection ................................................. 25 2.2. Prediction Equations for Displacement Spectral Response ............. 28 2.3. Influence of Local Ground Conditions .............................. 31 2.4. Vertical Spectra ................................................ 34 2.5. A Simplified Spectral Displacement Model .......................... 35 2.6. Other Aspects .................................................. 36 vii viii Table of contents 3. Response of alluvium filled valleys and basins . ........................ 37 4. Overdamped spectra . .............................................. 43 5. Hazard representations in spectral displacements . ........................ 44 5.1. Criteria for the Hazard Analysis .................................. 44 5.2. Extent of the Long Period, Constant Displacement Range ............. 45 5.3. Overdamped, Uniform Hazard (UH) DRS........................... 45 5.4. Effects Related to Local Soil Amplification .......................... 46 5.5. Spectral Displacement Maps ..................................... 47 References ......................................................... 49 Chapter 3. Site Effects: From Observation and Modelling to Accounting for them in Building Codes F. J. C h avez-Garc´ ´ıa 1. Introduction . ..................................................... 53 2. Estimationofsiteeffects.............................................. 55 3. Modelling site effects. The importance of the model . ................. 61 4. Accounting for site effects in building codes . ............................ 67 5. Concluding remarks . .............................................. 69 References ......................................................... 70 Chapter 4. Source and Site Factors in Microzonation A. Ansal and G. Ton¨ uk¨ 1. Introduction . ..................................................... 73 2. Input motion . ..................................................... 74 2.1. Real Acceleration Records ....................................... 74 2.2. Simulated Acceleration Record ................................... 76 3. Site characterisation . .............................................. 78 4. Microzonation . ..................................................... 80 4.1. Microzonation with Respect to Ground Motion ...................... 80 4.2. Microzonation with Respect to Liquefaction Susceptibility ............. 81 5. Spectral accelerations for vulnerability assessments . ................. 86 Table of contents ix 6. Conclusions . ..................................................... 89 References ......................................................... 90 Chapter 5. A Review of Large-Scale Testing Facilities in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering A. Elgamal, K. Pitilakis, R. Dimitrios, J. Garnier, SP. Gopal Madabhushi, A. Pinto, J. Steidl, H.E. Stewart, K.H. Stokoe, F. Taucer, K. Tokimatsu, and J.W. Wallace 1. Introduction . ..................................................... 93 2. Instrumentedtestsites................................................ 95 2.1. Euroseis Project ................................................ 95 2.1.1. Project objectives ......................................... 96 2.1.2. General description of the test site ........................... 96 2.1.3. Instrumentation ........................................... 99 2.1.4. Main scientific and engineering outcomes ..................... 101 2.2. Ucsb Nees Garner Valley and Wildlife Test Sites (Dr. Jamieson Steidl, PI) ......................................... 102 2.2.1. Soil and seismic characteristics at Garner Valley ............... 102 2.2.2. Geologic conditions ....................................... 102 2.2.3. Garner Valley SFSI structure ............................... 103 2.2.4. Wildlife refuge liquefaction field site ......................... 104 3. Mobile laboratories . .............................................. 106 3.1. Nees Facilities at UCLA ......................................... 106 3.1.1. Eccentric mass shakers ...................................