Honduras Livelihood Profiles National Summary Introduction Honduras is strategically located in the heart of Central America, surrounded by tropical mountains, which gives it a variety of climates. It borders the Caribbean Sea on the north, offering a wide range of beaches and warm climate. The bay islands are located a short distance from the coast; they are surrounded by the second largest coral reef in the world. To the south, Honduras borders the Pacific Ocean and El Salvador; to the west, Guatemala; and, to the east, Nicaragua. The current population is estimated at 6 million. The Honduran population is composed of 90% mestizo, 7% Amerindian (Chorti, Lenca, Pech, Tolupan, Tawahka and Miskito), 2% African descent (Garifuna) and white (1%). Agriculture is the mainstay of economy. The primary sector employs nearly 60% of the workforce. The main commercial crops are coffee and bananas. Other major production commodities include sugar cane and palm oil. Maize, beans and rice are the main agricultural products for consumption. Timber is also an important resource, particularly precious woods: pine, mahogany, ebony and rosewood. The fishing industry is not insignificant, with most fishery products consisting of crustaceans such as shrimps and lobsters. Silver, zinc and lead deposits are also exploited in Honduras. Iron, coal, copper and antimony are part of its other resources, but are underexploited. Disparity in income levels among wealth groups (poor, middle and better-off) is quite pronounced, driven by inequalities in the distribution of productive land, appropriate technology and basic services (health, education), and access to quality jobs. Paucity of access to these capitals is most pronounced among excluded groups: primarily indigenous populations, and female headed housheolds. Geographically, poverty is concentrated in the rural areas, which are dominated by small subsistence farmers. These areas are characterized by social and environmental vulnerability, manifested and augmented by degradation of the natural resource base by populations trying to survive off the land with meagre resources; stagnant production and income; and pockets of food insecurity in areas (see summary points below) that are particularly vulnerable to drought and rainfall related hazards. Unemployment and underemployment remain high, with microenterprise and self-employment incapable of generating capital accumulation or improved livelihoods for most rural households involved in these activities. Macroeconomically, Honduras currently faces serious challenges, including an unfavorable balance 1 between imports and exports; deep corruption within government institutions; a high rate of HIV/AIDS among the population; youth gangs (maras) that threaten to destabilize the economy; and a rising culture of slums in urban areas. These factors combine to create a climate of instability and insecurity. Underlying factors contributing to chronic poverty and risk of food insecurity include: urban population expansion; deforestation resulting from clear-cutting timber for agricultural purposes; increasing levels of land degradation and soil erosion due to uncontrolled practices of inappropriate land use (e.g. as use of marginal lands for planting crops); and pollution of Lake Yojoa (the largest source of fresh water in the country), as well as several rivers and streams, due to mining activities. Geography and Climate Outside its two coastal strips, one bordered by the Caribbean Sea and the other by the Pacific Ocean, Honduras takes the form a plateau. It has deep valleys and is traversed by mountain ranges of volcanic origin that rise to altitudes above 2800 m. The forests cover about one third of the territory. Among the most important waterways of the country, Lake Yojoa is the largest, in addition to the following rivers: Ulua, Chamelecon, Lean, Coco, Patuca, Choluteca, Goascoran, Nacaome, Negro, Aguan, Motagua, Cangrejal, Tinto or Negro, Platano and Lempa. A hot tropical climate characterizes the coastal plains of Honduras, while the plateau interior is characterized by a slightly cooler yet still warm climate, due to its higher altitude. The average annual temperature is between 15 and 20°C for the central regions and 20 to 40°C on the coast. To the northwest, Honduras borders Guatemala; to the south, El Salvador; and to the southeast, Nicaragua. Honduras has access to both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Access to the Pacific Ocean exists through the Gulf of Fonseca, at the mouth of which sit several islands belonging to its territory, including Tiger Island, the site of an international seaport in years past. A far larger segment of Honduras’ coast borders the Atlantic Ocean. Sitting along this coast are major cities Puerto Cortes, La Ceiba, Trujillo, Roatan; San Pedro Sula, the second largest city in Honduras, is located only a few hours from the coast. All the products manufactured in Honduras are exported from Puerto Cortés: banana, textiles, shrimp, melon, watermelon, etc. Rural livelihood zones Honduras Livelihood Zones PesqueraFishingy andagricultura subsistencede subsistencia agriculture 1 BELIZE Roatan!( ISLAS DE LA BAHIA 2 ProductoraAgricultureagro -andpecuaria cattle production Trujillo 3 ZonaHorticulturalhorticola con zone cafe with coffee !( La Ceiba !( GUATEMALA ATLANTIDA 2 COLON 4 GanaderiaLivestocky de and granos basicbasicos grains CORTES !(San Pedro Sula 1 Agro-industria YORO Puerto Lempira 5 Agribusiness SANTA BARBARA !( 12 !(Yoro 6 FronterizaBorder remesasremittances 7 10 13 GRACIAS A DIOS !( Santa Barbara COPAN COMAYAGUA !(Santa Rosa de Copan 7 CafetaleraCoffee production OLANCHO Juticalpa !( 9 Gracias !( 3 OCOTEPEQUE FRANCISCO Nueva Octepeque INTIBUCA 4 8 GranosBasicbasicos subsistencede subsistencia grains !( !( Comayagua MORAZAN LEMPIRA !( 11 !( La Esperanza La Paz 9 ZonaBasicde granosgrains basicosand timbery madera zone EL PARAISO 6 ^Tegucigalpa LAPAZ !( 10 MadereraTimber related activities !(Yuscaran 15 8 14 CaficulturaCoffee andy de potatopapa growers VALLE 11 EL SALVADOR !( Nacaome NICARAGUA CHOLUTECA IndustrialIndustrial !( 12 Choluteca 5 0 50 100 13 ZonaRiode Platano amortiguamienta Reserve deBuffer la resrva Zonedel Rio Platano Océano Pacifico Kilometers 14 HorticolaVegetablesy frutales and fruits 15 CafeCoffee y de granosand basicbasicos grains 2 Sources of food and income: Main conclusions and implications Sources of food: Households in Honduras’ rural livelihood zones source most of their food from the market, their own crop production, and their own livestock. Poor households in over half of all livelihood zones also secure roughly 5 to 20% of their minimum food needs from wild foods. In general, the poor have a high dependence on staple food purchased from the market – ranging from roughly 25% to over 80% of their minimum food needs – as their land and labor resources are not sufficient to produce enough food to feed the household for an entire year. The poor supplement these main food sources in smaller quantities through sources such as fishing, livestock, food aid, wild foods, food for work, trade and hunted animals, depending on the zone. By contrast, middle households depend to a larger extent on their own agricultural production, especially on that of basic grains. They have the necessary means of production to secure 25% to 80% of minimum annual food needs through their own production (with an average of around 40% across livelihood zones). Like the poor, they supplement these food sources through market purchase, livestock production, fishing, hunting and food aid. Better off households have the land and labor capital to reach high agricultural production levels – enough so that many households in livelihood zones with good market access choose to sell large quantities of their production each year. Selling most of their produce, these households therefore rely heavily on the market for food; however, unlike the poorer wealth groups, they have the flexibility to be able to choose to consume their production if terms of trade become unfavorable for sale of crops in bad years. Furthermore, their economic standing gives them access to a wide variety of commodity markets, which enables better access to inputs and goods (e.g. medicine) that in turn bolster the productivity of the household. Livestock production comprises approximately 5% to 30% of minimum annual food needs for these households – the highest of all wealth groups. Fishing and subsistence agriculture Extremely poor Poor Middle Better-off Agriculture and cattle production Horticultural zone with coffee Livestock and basic grains Agribusiness Border remittances Coffee production Basic subsistence grains 1 PesqueraBasic grainsy agricultura and timberde subsistencia zone 2 ProductoraTimber agrorelated-pecuaria activities 3 ZonaCoffeehorticola andcon potato cafe growers 4 GanaderiaIndustrialy de granos basicos 5 AgroRio-industria Platano Reserve Buffer Zone Fronteriza remesas 6 Vegetables and fruits 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 7 CafetaleraCoffee and basic grains Agricultural production Purchase Milk/meat Granos basicos de subsistencia 8 Fishing Wild foods Food aid 9 Zona de granos basicos y madera 10 Maderera 11 Caficultura y de papa 12 Industrial 13 Zona de amortiguamienta de la resrva del Rio Platano 14 Horticola y frutales 15 Cafe y de granos basicos 3 Sources of income: Sources of income for rural households in Honduras vary widely depending on opportunities or constraints