ENERGY INFORMATION HANDBOOK Applications for Energy-Efficient Building Operations LBNL-5272E ENERGY INFORMATION HANDBOOK Applications for Energy-Efficient Building Operations Disclaimer This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor The Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or The Regents of the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof or The Regents of the University of California. Please cite this handbook as follows: Granderson, J, Piette, MA, Rosenblum, B, Hu, L, et al. 2011. Energy Information Handbook: Applications for Energy-Efficient Building Operations. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, LBNL-5272E. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies Program, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. Prepared by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2011 Jessica Granderson, Mary Ann Piette, Ben Rosenblum, Lily Hu With Contributions From Daniel Harris, New Buildings Institute Paul Mathew, Phillip Price, and Geoffrey Bell, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Srinivas Katipamula and Michael Brambley, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Program Manager George Hernandez, Building Technologies Program Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, US Department of Energy Technical Advisory Committee The Technical Advisory Committee provided critical feedback and direction throughout the development of the handbook. BC Hydro G Henderson Edward Brzezowski Group E Brzezowski EnerNOC M Paschich, O Hegland, R Hart GSA K Powell Honeywell T Gall, W Foslien IDA C Weber IBM F Hudson, J Dietrich, J Snowdon Johnson Controls K Smith Lucid Design M Murray, V Shunturov NorthWrite P O’Neill, G Lindsay Optimum Energy J Hanna Pacific Gas & Electric A Berndt Pacific Northwest National Laboratory S Katipamula Portland Energy Conservation H Friedman, E Crowe Pulse Energy S Jones, D Tang Serious Energy Alb Fonts, Ag Fonts UC Berkeley D Lehrer, S Shirazi Whole Foods Market K Loftus Table of Contents Glossary........................................................................................................................iii Introduction....................................................................................................................1 Target Audience...................................................................................................................1 How to Use the Handbook....................................................................................................1 Categories...........................................................................................................................3 Summary Tables..................................................................................................................7 Best Practice Uses.............................................................................................................10 Data Sources......................................................................................................................11 Reporting and Tracking Methods.........................................................................17 Discussion..........................................................................................................................17 Simple Tracking.................................................................................................................19 Utility Cost Accounting......................................................................................................27 Internal Rate of Return........................................................................................................35 Carbon Accounting............................................................................................................43 Longitudinal Benchmarking...............................................................................................51 Cross-Sectional Benchmarking.........................................................................................59 Fundamental Methods.............................................................................................69 Discussion....................................................................................................................69 Load Profiling....................................................................................................................71 Peak Load Analysis............................................................................................................81 PV Monitoring...................................................................................................................91 Loading Histograms.........................................................................................................101 Simple Baselines.............................................................................................................109 Model Baselines..............................................................................................................119 Lighting Efficiency............................................................................................................129 Heating and Cooling Efficiency........................................................................................137 Energy Signature.............................................................................................................147 Advanced Methods..................................................................................................157 Discussion....................................................................................................................157 Energy Savings................................................................................................................159 Cumulative Sum..............................................................................................................167 Anomaly Detection...........................................................................................................175 i Table of Contents Fault Detection and Diagnostics........................................................................183 Introduction....................................................................................................................183 The Generic FDD Process.................................................................................................183 Applications for FDD in Buildings....................................................................................184 FDD Implementation........................................................................................................184 Visual FDD, Application Examples...................................................................................185 Automated FDD...............................................................................................................189 AFDD of Air Handler Unit Operations...............................................................................190 References and Technical Resources................................................................................195 Appendix......................................................................................................................197 Discussion....................................................................................................................197 Reporting and Tracking Methods......................................................................................199 Fundamental Methods......................................................................................................227 Advanced Methods...........................................................................................................273 ii Glossary Balance Point: The outside air temperature at which building heat gains are equivalent to heat losses, so that no mechanical heating or cooling is required. A building’s balance point is dependent on its particular design and construction. Baseline: A representation of “standard” or typical energy performance, used for comparative purposes. Baselines may be expressed according to a variety of metrics, and may account for weather or other independent variables that influence energy consumption. Base Load: The constant temperature-independent energy demand of a building. Benchmarking: Comparing building energy performance to that of similar buildings (cross-sectional benchmarking), or its own historic performance (longitudinal benchmarking). Benchmarking may also be performed at the system or component level. Building Automation System (BAS): A system that is designed