Notes Introduction 1 . Nakashima Takuma, ‘Satō Eisaku: Okinawa henkan mondai he no torikomi’ [Satō Eisaku: Grappling with the Problem of Okinawa Reversion], in Jinbutsu de Yomu Gendai Nihon Gaikō Shi: Konoe Fumimaro kara Koizumi Junichirō made , edited by Komiya Kazuo, Sadō Akihiro and Hattori Ryūji (Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan, 2008). 2 . Takashi Oka, ‘As the Japanese Say: Premier Sato Would Tap His Way across a Stone Bridge to Be Sure It Was Safe,’ New York Times, 16 Nov. 1969; Kusuda Minoru Oral History Interview, 16 Nov. 1996, NSA, ‘U.S.-Japan Project: Diplomatic, Security and Economic Relations since 1960,’ accessed 7 Oct. 2011, http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/japan/kusudaohinterview.htm . 3 . Etō Shinkichi, Sat ō Eisaku , Etō Shinkichi Chosakushū [Collected Works of Etō Shinkichi], vol. 10 (Tokyo: Tōhō Shoten, 2003), 9, 28. 4 . Michael Schaller, Altered States: The United States and Japan since the Occupation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 76, 124–125. See also Michael Schaller, ‘America’s Favorite War Criminal: Kishi Nobusuke and the Transformation of U.S.-Japan Relations,’ Japan Policy Research Institute Working Paper 11 (July 1995), accessed 25 Nov. 2014, http://www.jpri.org/ publications/workingpapers/wp11.html . 5 . Nakashima, ‘Satō Eisaku: Okinawa henkan mondai he no torikomi,’ 189–202. 6 . Etō, Satō Eisaku , 218–222. 7 . On the role of the individual and individual experience on international affairs, see Robert J. Young, ‘ Formation and Foreign Policy: Biography and Ego-Histoire ,’ French History 24, no. 2 (April 2010): 144–163. 8 . Kenneth Pyle, ‘The Yoshida Doctrine as Grand Strategy,’ Japan Rising: The Resurgence of Japanese Power and Purpose (New York: Public Affairs, 2007), 241–277. 9 . Yasuhiro Nakasone, Jiseiroku: Rekishi hōtei no hikoku toshite [Reflections: Defendant in the court of history] (Tokyo: Shinchōsha, 2004), 86. 10 . Robert S. Norris, William M. Arkin, and William Burr, ‘Where They Were,’ Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 55, no. 6 (1999): 26–35; Robert S. Norris, William M. Arkin and William Burr, ‘Where They Were: How Much Did Japan Know?,’ Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 56, no. 1 (January/February 2000): 11–13, 78–79. 11 . See, e.g., Michael J. Green, Arming Japan: Defense Production, Alliance Politics and the Postwar Search for Autonomy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995); Nakashima Takuma, ‘Nakasone Yasuhiro Bōeichō Chōkan No Anzen Hoshō Kōsō: Jishu Bōei to Nichibei Anzen Hoshō Taisei No Kankei Wo Chūchin Ni’ [Nakasone Yasuhiro’s National Security Plan as Director General of the Defense Agency: 1970–1971], Ky ūdai Hōgaku 84 (2002): 107–160. 182 Notes 183 For an alternative perspective, see Ayako Kusunoki, ‘The Sato Cabinet and the Making of Japan’s Non-nuclear Policy,’ Journal of American–East Asian Relations 15 (2008): 25–50. 12 . Ōta Masakatsu, Meiyaku No Yami: ‘Kaku No Kasa’ to Nichibei D ōmei [Dark Side of the Alliance: The ‘Nuclear Umbrella’ and the US-Japanese Alliance] (Tokyo: Nihon Hyōronsha, 2004). 13 . John Welfield, An Empire in Eclipse – Japan in the Postwar American Alliance System: A Study in the Interaction of Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy (London: Athlone Press, 1988); Schaller, Altered States . 14 . Satō Eisaku, Satō Eisaku Nikki [Diary of Satō Eisaku], edited by Itō Takeshi (Tokyo: Asahi Shinbunsha, 1997–1998). 15 . Kusuda Minoru, Kusuda Minoru Nikki: Satō Eisaku Sōri Shuseki Hishokan No 2000 Nichi [Diary of Kusuda Minoru: 2000 Days as Prime Minister Satō Eisaku’s Private Secretary], edited by Makoto Iokibe and Wada Jun (Tokyo: Chūō Kōron Shinsha, 2001). 16 . See the GRIPS website for more information on this project, accessed 7 Aug. 2014, http://www3.grips.ac.jp/~oral/index-j.html . 17 . Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968 , vol. 19, part 2, Japan (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2006). 18 . See http://www.nixontapes.org , accessed 7 Aug. 2014. 19 . John Dower, ‘The Superdomino in Postwar Asia: Japan in and out of the Pentagon Papers,’ in The Pentagon Papers: The Senator Gravel Edition , vol. 5: Critical Essays , edited by Noam Chomsky and Howard Zinn (Boston: Beacon Press, 1972); John Dower, ‘Peace and Democracy in Two Systems: External Policy and Internal Conflict,’ in Postwar Japan as History , edited by Andrew Gordon (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 3–33; Bruce Cummings, ‘Japan’s Position in the World System,’ in Postwar Japan as History , 34–63; Lee Jong Won, Ajia Reisō To Kan Bei Nichi Kankei [The Asian Cold War and Korean-US-Japanese Relations] (Tokyo: Daigaku Shuppankai, 1996). 20 . Nakajima Shingo, ‘“Dōmei Nihon” shū no tenkan’ [‘Ally Japan’: Image of a Conversion], in Ikeda- Satō Seikenki No Nihon Gaikō [Japanese Diplomacy in the Ikeda and Satō Administrations], edited by Hatano Sumio (Tokyo: Mineruva Shobō, 2004), 53–92. 21 . Masaya Shiraishi, Japan’s Relations with Vietnam, 1951–1987 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990). 22 . Warren I. Cohen, ‘China in Japanese-American Relations,’ in The United States and Japan in the Postwar World , edited by Akira Iriye and Walter I. Cohen (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1989), 36–60. 23 . LBJL, NSF, Country File, Japan. Box 250 (2 of 2). Memorandum of Conversation, Humphrey–Miki, 13 Jan. 1965. 24 . Akira Iriye, Japan and the Wider World (London: Longman, 1997). 25 . Hiroshi Fujimoto, ‘Japan and the War in Southeast Asia, 1965–1967,’ in International Perspectives on Vietnam , edited by Lloyd C. Gardner and Ted Gittinger (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2000), 176–188. 26 . Roger Buckley, U.S.-Japan Alliance Diplomacy, 1945–1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). 27 . Thomas Havens, Fire across the Sea: The Vietnam War and Japan, 1965–1975 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987). 184 Notes 28 . William R. Nestor, Power across the Pacific: A Diplomatic History of American Relations with Japan (London: New York University Press, 1996); Walter LaFeber, The Clash: A History of U.S.-Japan Relations (London: Norton, 1997); Walter LaFeber, ‘Decline of Relations during the Vietnam War,’ in The United States and Japan in the Postwar World , edited by Akira Iriye and Walter I. Cohen (Lexington KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1989), 96–118. 29 . LaFeber, The Clash , xvii–xxii. 30 . Nestor, Power across the Pacific , 1. 31 . Nestor, Power across the Pacific , 5. 32 . Richard Ned Lebow, A Cultural Theory of International Relations (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008); see also Paul J. Burton, ‘Culture and Constructivism in International Relations,’ International History Review 32, no. 1 (2010): 89–97. 33 . Takashi Oka, ‘As the Japanese Say: Premier Sato Would Tap His Way across a Stone Bridge to Be Sure It Was Safe,’ New York Times , 16 Nov. 1969. 1 Satō’s First Year in Power, 1964–1965 1 . McNamara to Johnson, ‘Vietnam Situation,’ 21 Dec. 1963, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–63 , vol. 4, Vietnam, August to December 1963 , doc. no. 374, accessed 18 Nov. 2010, http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/ frus1961–63v04/d374 . 2 . George C Herring, America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950– 1975 , 2nd ed. (New York: Wiley, 1986), 119–122. Text of Joint Resolution, 7 Aug. 1964, Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy, Vietnam , accessed 18 Nov. 2010, http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/vietnam.htm . For an excellent discussion of these events and the historical record, see John Prados, ‘Fortieth Anniversary of the Gulf of Tonkin Incident,’ 4 Aug. 2004, accessed 18 Nov. 2010, http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/ NSAEBB132/essay.htm . 3 . Herring, America’s Longest War , 128–131. 4 . George McTurnan Kahin, Intervention: How America Became Involved in Vietnam (New York: Knopf, 1986), 306–401. 5 . National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD (NARA), Record Group (RG) 59, Subject Numeric File, 1964–1966, POL 7 JAPAN, box 2376, Reischauer to Department of State, 10 Nov. 1964. Edwin O. Reischauer, My Life between Japan and America (New York: Harper and Row, 1986), 282. 6 . Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum, Austin, TX (LBJL), National Security File, Country File, Japan. Box 250 (2 of 2). Reischauer to Department of State, 3 Dec. 1964; Reischauer, My Life , 282. 7 . Reischauer to Department of State, ‘Sato Visit,’ 29 Dec. 1964, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968 , vol. 19, part 2, Japan (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2006) (henceforth FRUS, 1964–68, Japan ), doc. no. 37, 55–57. 8 . NARA, RG 59, Records of the Ambassador at Large, Llewellyn E. Thompson, 1961–1970, Thompson Committee, 1964, Lot 67D2, box 25. See also John T. McNaughton to Llewellyn Thompson, 20 Nov. 1964. See also Memorandum of Conversation, 23 Nov. 1964, FRUS, 1964–68 , vol. 11, Notes 185 Arms Control and Disarmament (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1997), doc. 50. 9 . LBJL, NSF, Country File, Japan. Box 250 (2 of 2). Memorandum of Conversation, Humphrey-Miki, 13 Jan. 1965. See also Memorandum from the Joint Chiefs of Staff to Secretary of Defence McNamara, ‘Possible Responses to ChiCom Nuclear Threat,’ 16 Jan. 1965. FRUS, 1964–68, Japan , doc. no. 76, 144. 10 . Shane J. Maddock, ‘Hunting for Easter Eggs: LBJ, NATO, and Nonproliferation, 1963–1965,’ in Nuclear Apartheid: The Quest for American Atomic Supremacy from World War II to the Present (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010), 181–216; Francis Gavin, ‘Blasts from the Past: Proliferation Lessons from the 1960s,’ in Nuclear Statecraft: History and Strategy in America’s Nuclear Age (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2012), 75–103. 11 . ‘Former PM Bluffed on Japanese Nukes,’ Mainichi Daily News , 6 Aug. 1999. 12 . Yuri Kase, ‘The Costs and Benefits of Japan’s Nuclearization: An Insight into the 1968/70 Internal Report,’ Nonproliferation Review 8, no. 2 (2001); Selig S. Harrison, ‘Japan and Nuclear Weapons,’ in Japan’s Nuclear Future: The Plutonium Debate and East Asian Security , ed. Selig S.